Can poverty be stoped in Africa Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

hobo poverty be stoped in Africa - Essay ExampleBut such basic causes are kinda intractable and non easily eradicated. In most cases, the causes and effects of poverty interact, so that what makes people myopic also creates conditions that keep them poor. Primary factors that may lead to poverty include (1) overpopulation, (2) the unequal distribution of resources in the world economy, (3) inability to meet high standards of living and costs of living, (4) inadequate education and employment opportunities, (5) environmental degradation, (6) certain economic and demographic trends, and (7) welfare incentives ( Microsoft Encarta 2006 ).Just like many third world countries, Africa is not exempted from incurring debts. Many western organisations have made promises to either reduce or remove the bulky burden of debt in Africa. Yet, in most African countries, the people still devote most of their convey planting and producing cash crops to pay off these debts. However, the debt is s o enormous that the possibility to pay the debt off is neighboring to impossible. This creates a vicious cycle in Africas economy, with the government and its people burrowed deeper into this situation.The phenomenon of jobless economic growth that increases income inequalities and generates as well few jobs for low income groups poses a serious threat to the public assistance of many nations, both North and S go forthh. government activity policies should consider not only aggregate economic impact but also the distribution of employment. socially responsible venture capital and microcredit initiatives can foster employment-generating businesses that complement the local culture and environment. .b. Rout out corruption, which harms society as a whole. Corruption, both in government and business, places heavy cost on society. Businesses should enact, ventilate and follow codes of conduct banning corruption on the part of their staff and directors. Citizens must demand greater tr ansparency on the part of both government and the corporate sector and create reform movements where needed. b. exsert access to education and technology among marginalized groups, and especially among girls and women.The educational attainment of women has strong bearing on the well-being of their families, and efforts to improve education for women and girls must be strengthened. At the same time, steps should be taken to secure that the current revolution in information technology benefits marginalized groups. This must begin in school. c. Improve government capacity to provide universal access to essential goods and services, including potable water, affordable food, primary health care, education, house and other social services. Governments around the world have made commitments to this through the 20/20 Initiative, which calls for 20% of national budgets and 20% of foreign aid to be spent on human services. But raise adequate

To what extent does personality predicts employee performance Essay - 3

To what extent does disposition predicts employee execution of instrument - Essay ExampleLe et al., (2011) found that there exists the curved associations between personality traits, which include emotional stability, conscientiousness, job performance scopes, including counterproductive work behaviours, organisational citizenship behaviours , task performance and job performance (Le et al. 113).By using this approach, the researchers study almost features of personalities of different mint, and then compare those people in an attempt to draw slightlywhat conclusion about general rules about personality. Thus, this method involves assessing some interesting variable in a large group of individuals and then arrive out some general rules about personality. Thus, nomothetic approach can be utilise to find how heredity or genetic plays a pivotal role in job performance of an employee. However, nomothetic approach has some drawbacks. It is to be noted that extrapolations from grou p outcomes may not be applicable to an individual, and this may offer alter understanding. (Ashton xxiii).Psychologist like Erikson (1950) & Rogers (1959), Kelly (1963) gives a different explanation of personality as they visualise it from the interface with the environment and the tint of cultural and social processes. Thus, an individuals personality is open to change and flexible, and each individual has a unique personality that cannot be grouped or classified into any classification.This nurture approach to personality does not make itself to the measurement of personality, as each individual is considered to be unique. From the company point of view, it is slight likely to form authority of an evaluation process. Nonetheless, some organisations do use the concept of self-concept as part of their development and management training programmes, and it could form part of the performance management process, especially, if a 360-degree feedback approach is used (Smith , Farmer & Yellowley

Sociology Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words - 5

Sociology - Essay Example magic spell adult crime rates remains comparatively stable, the number of violent crimes committed by recents has skyrocketed oer the recent decades. Thus, between 1988 and 1994 the rate of insubstantial arrests for violent crimes has risen by 75 percent, which makes many experts communicate doubling of the rate by the end of this decade (Snyder, Sickmund, and Poe-Yamagata, 1996).Crime is potentially preventable or at least controllable social phenomenon, but the only key to its prevention is knowledge of the causes of youthful offending. proud number of studies performed up to date reveals that although many factors contribute to the making of a delinquent child, negative friend associations always remain arguably the major source of juvenile delinquency (Andrews, Hoge, and Leschied, 1994 556).The present study aims to empirically establish and measure correlation between negative peer associations and high occurrence of delinquent fashion in teena gers. Although the potential findings of this research are of minor theoretical importance comprehensive expert studies confirm already established and explained the nature of both short- and long-term correlation between negative peer associations and juvenile delinquency their practical value in predicting juvenile delinquency rates and defining risk groups should not be diminished. The correlation may significantly vary depending upon many factors, such as religion, age, traditions, etc., and only info relating to concrete environment has reliable predictive power and can be used for prevention of juvenile delinquency.Positive correlation between juvenile delinquency and negative peer associations has been explored in many studies. The around common approach adopted by the scholars is the social learning theory behavioral patterns are lettered from social interactions (direct learning) and observation (indirect learning) (Bandura, Ross, and Ross, 1961). In studies of

Seoul City Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Seoul City - Essay ExampleOstensibly, the Korean volume learned how a conflict can paralyze the economy of a country. The term is a commission of rapid industrialization, urbanization, scotch boom, education boom, technological advancement, skyscraper boom, a rise in living standards and modernization. This culminated in the fortunate hosting of the 1988 Summer Olympics Championship. Additionally, Seoul City co-hosted the 2002- FIFA World Cup. Consequently, the country transformed from the near destruction of the Korea War into globalisation and democratization. The city is celebrated as wealthy, developed with sound economic viability and exerting a global economic bend (The Korean Economy - the Miracle on the Hangang River). Currently, it boasts of prominent multinational companies such as Samsung, Hyundai-Kia, and LG. More specifically, the term refers to the economic growth of Seoul city through which River Han flows. It is fascinating to note that it is termed a miracle as it represents the economic spiritual rebirth of the country between the periods 1961 to 1996. Initially, the country was crippled by the Korean War that saw an escalation of poverty levels and unemployment rates. Interestingly, in less than four years, Seoul became a global city, a highly developed economic hub, join of business and commerce. It opened grounds for technological advancement and the development of communication infrastructure. Currently, the inhabitants consider the opulence as national pride as well as a symbol of self-sufficiency.

Form Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Form - Case chew over ExampleFurthermore, technological advancement and economies of scale necessitates the need to apply project management skills and know if fiber operate and goods are to be delivered to the customers. carapace is an the Statesn based company that specializes in oil and petrochemical product. It is a company that has an excellent record in its provision of goods services not only in America but besides other countries around the world. Part of the success of the company especially considering its scale of exploit can be attributed to excellent project managers with outstanding project management skills. Project managers at Shell follow a specific pattern of ensuring maximum profits and quality delivery of goods and services. The first beginning(a) is the project estimation process. Undertaking this activity enables the managers to determine the feasibility of a particular project by considering resourcing and expenditure. Prior knowledge of such enables the managers to know it the project is worth undertaking.Information on resource capability proves critical to the success of the profession. Analysis of resource capability of a project equips the managers with the necessary skills to improve productivity of the business and be able to manage customer expectation. Such a scenario would ensure that whoever is seeking services from such a company would not be disappointed as one gets what is promised. Project supply is the other crucial factor in project management. It enables the concerned parties to organize projects in cases of large organizations and also the various activities within a project. Project planning requires careful analysis of the situation putting into considerateness uncertainties that may affect the cost and timely completion of the project.Improvement of budget and cost control proves live to the success of a business. Project managers at Shell scrutinize minor details of an existing business and upcoming proj ects. Such an activity would ensure that

Project Cost Control Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Project Cost comptroller - Essay ExampleCosts are defined as anything that does not add value to the arranging rather consumes resources, capital, time or other related functions and components of the project.Steve Odland, in his assessment of the methods by which the costs whitethorn be controlled defines the interaction with the customers as one of the reasons based on which the costs can be controlled. harmonize to his views, the customers provide sufficient information and guidelines studying the utility based projects and items and those that do not add value or are little needed and desired by the customers. The response of the customers enable knowing what to produce and what to reduce in the future trends and projects (Odland, 2012).Another area that is often termed as a serious point with regard to the handling of the costs is the inventory. Inventory often takes up large amount of resources and material. Many companies and projects fail scarcely because of the bulk of the inventory in stock. The stocks lead to consuming space, budget and other associated items which result in the non performance of the productive items and products that would otherwise be kept and reserved in limited quantity (KACHWALA, 2009, p. 92).Identifying the defective products, processes and exclusively those activities and components that lead to the consumption of resources, energy and material are amounted to as costs. The time and resources spent would otherwise be spent in the production of the new items and material.Adhering to the terms and conditions that are set forth in the primordial phases of the project and overall organizational tasks are also important. Often the lag incurs on the account of the aberrancy from the initially set forth conditions based on which the project had been started. The failure to do so results in delay. It also results in the extra resources usage and many more associated functions and discrepancies within the system and project a t hand.Transportation means and communication sources are

Nursing Research Article Critique Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Nursing Research Critique - Article ExampleA not bad(predicate) article provides information on the geographical side of the study as well as the compositors case of target population being explored. Although, the authors do not share any information on the location of the study but they menti one and only(a)d the target population, the surgical patients.The article narrates the problem statement in a receive way mentions the study variables as well as the population involved. The authors want to assess the impact of the educational activity of nurses in the hospitals over the care and eventually the mortality status of these patients. This is an important area which is feasible to flow out and will result in interesting findings which will be generalized on sympathetic hospitals.Since a exploreer has to present a new idea, hypothesis or pose a research question based on some violence. This can be constructed once there is no information, or the previous research suggests som e new research activity or previous evidence raise new questions. Whatever be the case, books review becomes significantly important to go on the situation This literature review, actually, favors and opposes some of the issues and new research is proposed, in a way to decide the conflict.Yes, literature review in this article is comprehensive. The sources are very much relevant to the topic and almost all are capital ones. Both types of viewpoints, supporting and opposing, have been added which lead to the development of a rational for the next study, the current one Theoretical/conceptual frameworkThe authors have not depict anything explicitly as theoretical or conceptual framework. But the way rational is developed based on the existing evidence and the arguments in the favor of testing the research question are impressive. The authors have taken up respective(a) concepts tie in to the topic and discuss them clearly they also link these concepts. They have not provided th e formal definition of various terms but have described them well. There is no information which suggests that the framework is strong replete to make judgments. Hypothesis/Research QuestionsThis article does not state any research question or hypothesis right away as a question or hypothesis but build a rationale and make statements which go in the direction of a research question or hypothesis. Actually, an explicit hypothesis is important for making the future research see and analysis. In this article when the authors indite the statement of hypothesis they take into account the variables, in capable and dependent. In fact, research questions have not been raised or stated in real sense but the issues which need to be explored have been described very well. Strictly speaking, the research questions have not been written in the article so they cannot designate the study. Quantitative DesignsThis study was carried out using cross-sectional design which has been mentioned clea rly in the methodology section. For this hypothesis, design is fine as far as the determination of association is concerned between the independent and dependent variables are concerned. But this design cannot determine the cause and effect association as

Enhancing health and social care through inter-professional education Essay

Enhancing health and social care through inter-professional precept - Essay ExamplePrior to begin with the group work, my mind was pre-occupied with various feelings and I was quite sick regarding the accuracy of the outcomes to be obtained through my performance. I was also shy, as I had to perform within a group comprising different people, some of them being experienced than me.My knowledge and skills has changed solidly after the group work. I have gained more knowledge astir(predicate) radiography by analysing the viewpoints of the students engaged in the work march with me. The different styles used by others also helped me in enhancing my own way of works and incorporating various significant aspects relating to radiography. I experienced and gained better knowledge about how to handle the differences in the view points while working in a group and arrive to one particular solution in order to submit the work more effective. Through the group work, I learnt that views of every student are important and their consequence depends on the way they are communicated to every individual or group (U.S. Department, 2013 Canterbury Christ Church University, 2012). afterwards the group work with the students, it can be argued that my behaviour would be different as I was expecting so with the development in my knowledge base. This can be owing to the influence of diverse students and their behavioural traits that enliven me to do better in radiography. Subsequently, I have become more confident regarding the use of radiography and its operations for visualising the internal body parts of an individual with accuracy. I also gained much understanding about the procedures and the safety measures involved in radiography that eventually helped me in meeting the professional challenges confidently. Through my experience, I was able to identify that different members in the team have different views along with styles while discourse situations. This has helped me in broadening my knowledge and making my behaviour more

Safety training Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Safety training - Essay ExampleAlthough Pros Choice conducted condom and health training program for its employees using videos, posters, and pamphlets, asylum and health practices may non have been badly implemented by both management and employees. It may also be that the training methods chosen were not suited for those being trained, thereby little learning was achieved and implementation of supposedly learned practices failed. Another former would be that the working environment at Pros Choice has also not been provided as free from hazards as evidenced by the OSHA citations and fine for a serious infraction. This is indicative of Pros Choice lack of commitment to safety and health for its employees, which may be the reason why supervisor safety warnings atomic number 18 joked about as a band-aid procedure.Firstly, management commitment to occupational safety and health should be established, especially since there are disposal laws that companies have to comply with. Mor eover, the lack of management commitment will eventually be pricy for the company as it may result in additional medical costs for injured employees, government sanctions for violations and infractions, and deterioration of company image as a good place to work.

Workplace industry Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Workplace industry - Essay patternIt is evident that every organization has unique policies and strategies all synchronized towards achieving the goals of that particular organization. With diverse culture and worry styles in todays study, the employees, especially the women become more vulnerable to unfavourable policies, management, office culture, and wear out (Blackard, 2000). This has especially affected women in occupations considered to be the domain of their male counterparts like the exploit industry. This essay discusses the eccentric of management in the work place, resistance and coping, and how these knowledge enables one to understand the challenges of women in mining with source to individual employees, frontline manages, and the unions. The enjoyment of management in the work place In most industrial relations, the role management plays is very important especially where the organization structure is broad and complex to the extent of containing legion(predic ate) management lines. Blackard (2000) relates the complexity to how the management of the organization may categorize the management structure. The manner in which a given organization reacts to any incidence of flexibilities is more often than not dependent on the forte of the management structure and the efficiency with which all the staff at the managerial level deliver their services. flexibility in the workplace is vital as the modern market environment is stormier than never before and this leads mangers to think their strategies like establishing the role played by women in the managerial positions (Blackard, 2000). Most organizations use three approaches in managing the affairs of their company, be it a physical company or a company operating on a virtual platform like the internet. When the management uses the trust approach, it either allows or re moroses the employees within their workplace to operate with or without supervision. This approach depicts that the level o f supervision a manager accords an employee is dependent on their trustworthiness. separate approaches used by some management include collective versus individualising approach, and structured versus unstructured approach (Blackard, 2000). Women in the mining industry encounter this challenge in their respective workplaces in that some of their fellow employees tell some element of distrust towards them. This approach is really discouraging as the some front managers and the mining firms in general take advantage of this level of distrust to infuse strict supervision on the women employees. The collective versus individualising approach deals with the extent to which women miners can participate in the formation and implementation of their unions agenda. Most mining firms deny women the right to switch representations in the unions. The structured approach entails the explicit personality of company policies as appertains to matters affecting women miners. It is obvious that so me mining firms do not have policies that enlighten women specially and differently. This loophole enables other employees to discriminate against and assault women (Blackard, 2000). Resistance and coping According to Gregory (2003), several mining firms atomic number 18 a hostile environment. This is especially so to the women in terms of the working conditions, the complicated company policies, and the strict disciplinary measures. The faint hearted do not have a place in the firms that require sacrosanct resistance and the ability to cope with these difficult conditions. Despite the many challenges that women miners face in these workplaces, most of them have developed a strong resistance and the ability to cope with stinging conditions in such harsh conditions. A classic example of this resistance shows up when

Marketing Success Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Marketing Success - inquiry Paper ExampleThere can be high value created by the product for bell ringer consumers in terms of quality and price. Hygiene is an important factor in any form of spending which will be maintained in the bottled piss products. On the other hand, it will be low-priced for all income groups and will eliminate the risk associated with consuming normal water. Value creation will in like manner be done by not creating any negative impact on the environment.Marketing prance comprises of four important elements such as product, price, publicity, and place. The product majorly represents mineral water which will be passed finished various stages so as to ensure its level of quality. The packaging of the product will be dependent on prices as there will be bigger sized bottles, medium sized bottles, and junior-grade sized bottles. Prices of the product will vary from $3 to $6. Low prices will be a alone(predicate) selling proposition for the bottled water . The product will be manufactured in factories which will be then(prenominal) stored in nearby warehouses. There will be third-party logistic systems utilized to transport bottled water products to several(prenominal) retailers. These retailers will then promote the bottled water products in their stores so that it can reach the end users. The promotion will be done through traditional media such as TV, newspapers, radio, etc. Along with that brotherly media will also be used to promote the product so that message of pure water can be communicated across the large base of customers. Each of these elements will contribute towards product succeeder as they all highlight the quality assurance of product along with its low prices.The packaging bollocks is a major area of concern for these bottled water products. It can be stated that this can contain a major impact on product sales. This is because if environmental impact keeps on increasing then less number of products will be manufactured due to restrictions.

Business and organizational aspects of HCI (HW) Research Paper

Business and organizational aspects of HCI (HW) - Research Paper ExampleIBMs HCI look is the most considerable to date. The company has designed its business agenda around HCI. The challenge that IBM faced was to treat their employees as the most valuable asset that can be turned into the companys competitive edge. The design of IBM is depicted on the belief that future social collaboration functions will be sophisticated making consumer addition and commercial services cost-effective over the internet. Since at IBM, design is the vital component for products and services to be successful, the affects of the design directly impact the product use, service cost and customer loyalty. For this purpose, the designs of IBM are focused on providing user experienced services to the customers. The designs at IBM are built to tackle the architectural issues of large-scale randomness portals and cities that are opened for social and economic commerce. The IBM Services such as Dojo Globali zation, IBM Lotus Sametime 8.5, and Dojo Enhanced power grid help the businesses for integration of people is based on the HCI.The development of technologies that allows for speech recognition, and interaction designs, the HCI research at IBM is there since 20 years. IBM designs it HCI technologies from disciplines of computer science, sociology, industrial design, anthropology and psychology to provide on-site collaborations with its users and other customers. Some of the research projects of IBM on HCI are Koala which uses the HCI technology to record and share business processes over the Web amid different users Unified Activity Management is used to understand how the employees plan, manage and share their activities amongst themselves and Shape pen technology is the new and latest in HCI technology which highlights the importance of users interaction with mobile phones, PDAs, and handheld devices. As IBM is a business and consumer solution provider, it

Business Synoptic Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4000 words - 1

Business Synoptic - Essay ExampleStrategic Posture of draw close at Corporate Level 13 6.0. Efficacy of Nestles Strategic Posture 13 7.0. Alignment of Nestles Strategic Posture with its Management Structure and Philosophy 15 References 17 Bibliography 20 21 1.0. Linkage between Strategic Management Accounting and the Realistic Practices of Nestle concord to the definition of Strategic Management Accounting (SMA), it efficiently links with the business strategy of a soaked and helps to maintain and/or increase its competitiveness. Few basic attributes of the SMA process, relates with the collection of competitors information regarding price, products, market sh atomic number 18 and others identifying opportunities in global market and recognising the efficacy of partys strategic position with providing emphasis on the accounting aspects (Collier & Agyei-Ampomah, 2006). With a thorough analysis of Nestles case study, it can be stated that the company has achieved a sustainable and at the same time quite impressive growth with a long-term benefit to the company. Two most significant causes to stimulate growth of the company can be set as strategic management approach and managerial accounting behaviour of the company to take a certain decision. These two theories can be evidently linked with the companys adopted strategies, with extension phone to case study and fundamentals of the theory SMA. Nestles strategic decisions over the years exhaust been focused on its expansion in the global platform covering almost every stinting market of the world. Thus, one of the companys most significant strategic decisions can be place as its aggressive expansion strategies. For instance, the company started expanding its operations worldwide since 1868 and by late 1990s, the company had already acquired the markets of 76 countries and 193 nations to manufacture and market its products respectively. Another strategic decision taken by the company was to turn its prod uct lining from simple infant formulas to condensed milk, chocolates, coffee drink, soups and mineral water as well. With this strategic conjunction the company was able to achieve a huge amount of profit in western economies, particularly in European and the US markets. However, to imply these strategies in an effective and efficient manner the company focussed on few other factors, such as market competency, internal and external environment and others. In this regards, the company can be observed to apply a few analytical measures. For instance, as mentioned in case study, the company observed that markets of Europe and North America were particularly growing rapidly in terms of competition along with stagnant population growth. This in turn acted as a hindrance to Nestles growth. To be specific, as the population growth was stagnant and number of market players was as well as increasing rapidly, there was a little scope for Nestles growth in the economies. Moreover, the tren ds of markets were enough much favourable for local firms manufacturing the products similar to that of Nestles. Realising these facts, the company initiated to expand its market in acclivitous markets where the population is at rise, demand for branded food items are besides increasing and local competitors are also minimum. Hence, the company instigated its operations in eastern emerging countries such as China, India and others. Accordingly, the company also narrowed its market focus to basic food

Review of 'The Moths of War' Assignment

Review of &aposThe Moths of War&apos - Assignment ExampleHowever, recent experiments have found let on that the original experiments were never truly inaccurate and the scientist was not a fraud. In addition, there is no narrate that Kettlewell hammer or manipulated his data to prove the hypothesis.Scientists normally fight back in order to recapitulation senior science for continued credibility. They carry out exhaustive experiments aimed at repairing the tattered reputation of the older science and reverse the advances of the opponents. They carry out a series of classic experiments to help cement the billet of the disputed fact. Such large experiments are conducted to iron out the problems with the older science and prove that it was so correct. Therefore, the scientists never throw away the older science and start a fresh. The scientists did not concede that just aboutthing was wrong. They went forrader and carried out a series of experiments to prove that the works of t he original scientist was not wrong but had some problems.The original experiments were never truly inaccurate and the scientist was not a fraud as claimed by journalist Hooper. Majerus discovered that the Hoppers book was littered with factual errors. There is no evidence that Kettlewell forged or manipulated his data to prove the

What is the essence of philosophy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

What is the essence of philosophy - Essay Examplen order to define what the essence of philosophy really is, I decided to examine the range of philosophers and philosophies that we scram covered in class.In Chinese history there are tales of philosophers who placed an emphasis on finding a way of living a good life, which suggests that philosophy has to do with morality and obstinance and this is very similar to some of the moral philosophy as taught by the ancient Greek philosopher Socrates. It is too similar to some of the teachings in the major world religions which see human life as a journey towards enlightenment or a preparation for an afterlife. This contrasts very strongly with some of the medieval European philosophers who emphasized the use of reason, and the power of thinking through issues using logical trains of thought. In the twentieth speed of light there has been a considerable emphasis on language and on existential problems like the import of human life. In t he twenty first century there is a growing realisation of the delicate nature of the planet earth and the need for human beings to find ways of living that are in harmony with nature, rather than just pursuing materialist aims, and disregarding or even destroying the environment around them. The close to noticeable feature of philosophy appears to be its diversity. It changes from place to place and from one time period to the next. in all of these different approaches can be called philosophy and one way of defining the essence of philosophy is to feed what it is that they all have in common. I think that asking questions is a fundamental part of philosophy, and so weighing up the answers that are found in such a way that new questions are asked and a continuous process of asking, answering, reflecting and asking again then follows. This is not exactly the same as the kind of questions that are asked by scientists, who are mostly interested in how the elements in the world post and what rules exist in the universe. Philosophy explores

Distribution Channels Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Distribution Channels - Essay ExampleIt involves providing important features of the product that makes it stand out from the competitors. In addition, the people element refers to how the service and the expertise and skills of the people who work for the organization who help in the doing of a companys goals and objectives as well as beat competition. Finally we have the spatial relation also known as the distribution channel which is a channel of activities that acts as a yoke between the producer of a product and the actual user of the product (Armstrong & Kotler, 2009).All the market cock elements are important to an organization but the distribution channel is the nigh important and effective bearing in which the product imbibes to the hands of the customer. The distribution channel entails a chain of intermediaries that helps passing of the product from the shaper to the end user. In addition, distribution channels are important as they simplify how products will get to the end user.Marketing channel plays a key role in the organization as marketers invention on how goods or services get to the customer. The marketing channel includes one or more than marketing intermediaries who execute several marketing functions. These middlemen act as randomness providers to the manufacturer. They provide development changes like demography, media habits, adit of new competitors, as well as the emergence of a new product in the market. The most valuable time about middlemen is that they get information first hand as they always cede in the market place and close to the customer therefore can get this important information at no extra costs.In addition, marketing channel intermediaries exist to make goods and services more available and accessible to the market. They offer contacts, experience, and economies of scale to those organizations that would not do these attributes on their own. The distribution channels strickle other marketing decisions there fore making it

Odysseus story Essay Example for Free

Odysseus story EssaySOME ARE monsters, close to are slaves, some are beautiful and cunning women and some are powerful kings. In Homeric literature, a spirit is either exhaustively or bad depending on their xenia or shape (e.g. Charybdis). However, from reading The Odyssey, unitary push aside see the estimable pillowcases and the non so admirable characters. Such characters have either good or bad xenia, old or late, male or female, some can be a baseborn as a slave (such as Eumaeus) and some can be as striking as a Troy hero and king (such as Nestor). This is an exploration of whether or not Eumaeus is the most admirable character in The Odyssey or not.We first meet Odysseus swineherd in Book Fourteen in the porch of his hut. He had been affectionateness for Odysseus property during his absence. Odysseus appears to him as a beggar and despite the status that such soul has, Eumaeus be but a servant understands xenia and entertains Odysseus by preparing a feast for h im.In Book Fourteen, Eumaeus grieves not only for the loss of Odysseus but also for Telemachus who had g atomic number 53 to find his father. It is clear from Book Sixteen, that Eumaeus acknowledges Telemachus uniform a father loves a parole as when he returns he drops e very(prenominal)thing and kisses Telemachus and cries with pleasure of his safe return to Ithaca.He shows respect for his masters in Book Fourteen, another admirable trait, when he says to the disguised Odysseus that servants cant experience admirable gifts when they work in fear of their overpowering masters. This shows that Eumaeus understands his place an Odysseus and Telemachus both recognise this and treat Eumaeus with abundant respect.One could argue that Homer created Eumaeus as the most admirable character as there is a not in Book Fourteen that claims that Homer loved his created character and sometimes the literature speaks now to Eumaeus.After Eumaeus prayer that Odysseus may return, Odysseus feels that it is right that he should reveal his scar and prove that he is with them. The textbook says that Eumaeus is overwhelmed to see his master again and is weeping and kissing him so much, that if Odysseus hadnt stopped them, it would have gone on all day and all night This shows a great and respecting love for the pouf of Ithaca.Eumaeus speaks out, bravely (or unwisely some could argue) against the Suitors. This shows bravery in his character as well as loyalty and love. He is very characterised as a noble and respectable person. He also helps in the execution of the maidservants and the mutilation of Melanthius.All of the preceding(prenominal) describe how admirable Eumaeus is and there is not a point in the text when he is not admirable, loving, kind or brave. However, there are other admirable characters in The Odyssey.I would argue that King Nestor of Pylos, a hero against Troy with Odysseus, is an admirable character in The Odyssey. He is a very generous host and actually is so generous and so loyal to xenia that in Book Fifteen, Telemachus pleads with Nestors son, Peisistratus (Telemachus Patroclus guinea pig character) to not let him see Telemachus, as he will keep him against his will with his passion for cordial reception Some could argue that this in its self is an abuse of xenia.Nestor also stops Telemachus from sleeping on his hollowed ship and says that he should sleep in the palace. This shows true loyalty to xenia. Before this however, Nestor remembers that Telemachus nevertheless looks like Odysseus and tells Telemachus of his faith in him. This shows a caring for his friends family. Nestor is even kind enough to let his son act as a friend and guardian to Telemachus on his journeys.Nestors character is one of great caring and compassion and he looks out for Telemachus as a father would look out for a son and I think that this is a truly admirable trait of King Nestor.Another admirable character is Antinous and Aretes daughter, Nausic aa, princess of Phaeacia. She meets Odysseus when he has been washed up on the shore of the island and is wearing no more than a digit leaf over his genitalia. Anyone would have thought him mad or overly promiscuous, however, despite her first impressions, the young woman hears of Odysseus story and shows pity on the great man in his miserable state. She orders her ladies to bathe him and even tells him how to get into the city and speak with her father, Antinous through his wife Arete). With all this guidance she shows mercy on a man in a state where others would have either ran or jeered at him. This shows a forgiving character in Nausicaa and for such a young girl she has an understanding of xenia.She falls in love with Odysseus and she is even offered by Antinous as a wife for Odysseus, but Odysseus is having none of it and just wants his presents and one of their good ships to go home in.Nausicaa demonstrates mercy on Odysseus in the only time we see him as being so disparate and needy for help. The only time when he loses face and the only time rightfully when all he has are his articulate words to help him out of situation. This shows that Nausicaa probably knew that Odysseus was a great man and that his state would have de-motivated him so the very fact that she shows such compassion towards him shows that she sympathises with his situation. This I believe is a very admirable thing to do and shows great intelligence for someone so young.Therefore, Eumaeus is one of the most admirable but not the most. Nestor and Nausicaa, both explored above are equally as admirable but in slightly different ways. Eumaeus admiralty comes from his loyalty to Odysseus and his want to defend his right to be loyal. Nestor is admirable for his hospitality and the way he speaks of Odysseus and the help that he gives to Telemachus on his journey to master down his father. Lastly, Nausicaa is admirable as she is able to trust a man that others would have thought bonkers. H e appears to her naked and she accepts his honesty and mercifully helps him due to his articulate speech. Homer has truly created some of the greatest characters in the world of literature and these good and admirable persons are part of the huge enjoyment one has when one reads his Odyssey.

Sigmund Freud Essay Example for Free

Sigmund Freud EssayCarl Jung worked with Sigmund Freud, who assumed the unconscious mind was a personal thing inwardly an individual . But Carl Jung saw the unconscious mind as the inherited part of the human question that could not be developed from personal experience. The collective unconscious is expressed through archetypes, which are comprehensive symbols and thoughts that influence the way we express our emotions and actions. Its the way we connect with each other and understand things. Archetypes are repeat plot patterns, images, descriptive detail, and characters that are expressed in stories, dreams and religions. The unconscious emotions in ourselves are evoked when we discover these archetypes. Nature vs. Mechanical World This type of plot pattern is used to show that nature is candid rather than technology and society which are seen as bad. Nature represents purity and good, while technology represents demonic and corruption. The Ritual The ritual marks a tran slations to a virgin role in society. An object lesson of this is the compartmentalisation hat that is used in Harry Potter to initiate the students in one of the four houses.A ritual in crossroads would be Claudius and Gertrudes wedding because it lets us know that Claudius is the new king and shows Claudius new role in society. Symbols Symbols such as black cats that represent bad luck and four cockle clovers that represent good luck are universal and helps an listening understand stock-stillts in a business relationship. For interpreter the use of the snake venom used to kill the old king makes us connect that to the fib of Adam and Eve because we see a snake as someone who causes trouble.ComedyFollows the plot of a story from discharge to an undesirable state to a desirable state. Tragedy The opposite of comedy going from a desirable state to an undesirable state. Darkness Darkness is associated with the unknown and a sense of despair. It brings an eery mood to the set ting. In Hamlet, the ghost appears at night in the wilderness where its foggy, tying these three archetypes together to provoke an ever greater impact. This archetype of darkness is portrayed in the Lion King. Mufasa tells Simba everything the light touches is our kingdom. which alike shows their power. The difference between Mufasa and Scars land is that Scars land is shown to be dark, dusty, and empty, relfecting his persona. While Mufasas land is full of light, reflecting Mufasas good personality. The treasonable Wife Described as someone who is in a relationship who has feelings for someone else. Gertrude is the prime example for this because of this quote O God, a beast that wants discourse of reasonWould have mournd longer unify with my uncle,My fathers brother She married O most wicked speed To pastWith such dexterity to incestuous sheets It is not, nor it cannot come to good. Hamlet lets the audience see Gertrude as an unfaithful wife because we feel pity for him du e to the fact that it actually would be horrible kowing your mom married some other guy after your dad died. The ghost in addition portrays Gertrude as an unfaithful wife by saying O wicked wit, and gifts that have the powerSo to seduce win to his shameful lustThe will of my most seeming-virtuous queen. The unfaithful wife archetype is seen throughout many other stories, movies, and even real life situations. If you look at any teen angst shows there is always a pair where the boyfriend/girlfriend fall for someone else while in the relationship. Most people find postal code wrong with this kind of person cheating because we all have that unconscious thought that makes us take root for the underdog. Perfect Woman Is the character in stories that the main character falls in love with. Isnt unavoidably a woman, it can be a man or even something that just brings out the crush in the hero.I feel that Ophelia starts out as the perfect woman, seeing as her and Hamlet have a relatio nship, but it ends due to Hamlet going crazy. You can questions whether she is the perfect woman for Hamlet because if they were perfect together they wouldnt have had such a tragic ending. Death Is the antagonist blocking the heros path. Every story has some sort of antagonist whether it may be another person or even a personal conflict that the hero is trying to overcome. Claudius is seen as the antagonist to Hamlet and is also attempting to stop Hamlet from revealing anything about the murder Claudius committed.

Motivation and Leadership Effect on Job Performance Essay Example for Free

Motivation and leaders Effect on Job Performance EssayIntroductionLeadership and pauperization tradition bothy piddle away a very important role in the functioning of plaques. Nowadays, the role of leading and demand increases all the same much significantly because of the growing competition and the increasing significance of charitable resources for the progress of organizations. In fact, it should be pointed out that leaders and motivation argon closely entangled concepts which constitute an important part of the victory of an organization. It is obvious that the workive lead and motivation can contribute to the progress of an organization, while poor leadership and the lack of motivation can weaken the normal functioning of an organization and lead to the crisis at heart an organization that will naturally affects its act. In this respect, it is important to underline the fact that leadership and motivation affect well the organizational behavior and culture a nd they define the formation of the effective relationships between the personnel of an organization. In such a situation, it is necessary to fully reveal the significance of leadership and motivation in the current care environment in order to assess adequately perspective of the improvement of the effectiveness of leadership and motivation within an organization. At the same time, the analysis of theoretical framework only, it appears that insufficient for the understanding of the significance of leadership and motivation for the effect of an organization. Consequently, it is also necessary to pay a grumpy attention to the practical aspects of leadership and motivationthat means that it is necessary to analyze some practical examples that could reveal the significance of leadership and motivation for the public presentation of an organizationReview of LiteratureMotivation and Job Performance* The level of performance of exerciseees relies not only on their actual skills bu t also on the level of motivation each person exhibits (Burney et al., 2007). * Motivation is an inner drive or an impertinent inducement to be concord in some particular way, typically a way that will lead to rewards (Dessler, 1978). * Over-achieving, talented employees are the driving force of all firms so it is essential that organizations try hard to motivate and hold on to the best employees (Harrington, 2003). * The quality of human resource management is a critical influence on the performance of the firm. Concern for strategic integration, allegiance flexibility and quality, has called for attention for employees motivation and retention. Financial motivation has become the most concern in todays organization, and tying to apply Maslows basic needs, non- pecuniary aspect only comes in when financial motivation has failed. * According to Greenberg and Baron (2003, 2000) definition of motivation could be divided into three main parts. The prototypal part looks at arousal th at deals with the drive, or energy behind individual (s) action.People turn to be guided by their interest in making a good impression on others, doing fire work and be successful in what they do. The second part referring to the choice people make and the room their behavior dupes. The last part deals with maintaining behavior clearly defining how long people have to scat at attempting to meet their goals. * Motivation can be natural and extrinsic. Extrinsic motivation concerns behavior influenced by obtaining external rewards (Hitt, Esser, Marriott, 1992). Praise or validating feedback, money, and the absence of punishment are examples of extrinsic or external rewards (Deci, 1980). Intrinsic motivation is the motivation to do something simply for the pleasure of performing that particular activity (Hagedoorn and new wave Yperen, 2003). Examples of intrinsic factors are interesting work, recognition, growth, and achievement. *Several studies have found there to be a positi ve relationship between intrinsic motivation and handicraft performance as well as intrinsic motivation and job satisfaction (Linz, 2003).This is significant to firms in todays highly competitive business environment in that intrinsically motivated employees will perform better and, therefore, be more productive, and also because satisfied employees will remain loyal to their organization and feel no pressure or need to move to a different firm. * Deci and Ryan (2000) conducted and replicated an experiment that showed the negative impact of monetary rewards on intrinsic motivation and performance. A assort of college students were asked to work on an interesting puzzle. Some were paid and some were not paid for the work. The students that were not being paid worked longer on the puzzle and found it more interesting than the students being paid. When the study was brought into a workplace setting, employees felt that their behavior was being controlled in a dehumanizing and alienat ing manner by the rewards.It was discovered that rewards would seriously decrease an employees motivation to ever perform the task being rewarded, or one analogous to it, any time in the future. Another observation of the study was that employees would expect a reward each time the task was to be completed if the reward was offered at one time. Employees would require the reward in order to perform the job and would probably expect the reward to increase in amount. If the rewards were not change magnitude or if they were taken away they actually served as negative reinforcement. * Deci and Ryan (2001), in collaboration with two of their colleagues, conducted a study to examine the effects of performance-contingent rewards on an employees intrinsic motivation. * (Cameron, Deci, Koestner, and Ryan, 2001).These types of rewards are very controlling since these rewards are now associated with an employees performance of some task. In that respect, performance-contingent rewards und ermine intrinsic motivation however, if the reward given to the employee conveys that the employee has performed on a truly outstanding level, the reward would serve to solidify that employees sense of competence and decrease the negative effect on that employees intrinsic motivation. Also significant in the study was the importance of the interpersonal atmosphere within which the performance-contingent rewards were distributed.* When Cameron et al. (2001) compared the administering of rewards in a controlling mode and ina non-controlling climate, they discovered that the performance-contingent rewards given in the more controlling interpersonal climate undermined intrinsic motivation. To prevent the decrease in employees intrinsic motivation, the interpersonal climate when distributing performance-contingent rewards should be more supportive. * Vroom (1964) proposes that people are motivated by how much they want something and how belike they think they are to get it he suggest t hat motivation leads to efforts and the efforts combined with employees ability together with environment factors which interplays resulting to performance. This performance interns lead to various outcomes, each of which has an associated value called Valence.* Adams (1965) on his part suggests that people are motivated to seek social equity in the rewards they receive for high performance. According to him the outcome from job includes pay recognition, promotion, social relationship and intrinsic reward. To get these rewards various inputs needs to be employed by the employees to the job as time, experience, efforts, education and loyalty.He suggests that, people tend to view their outcomes and inputs as a ratio and indeed compare these ratios with others and turn to become motivated if this ratio is high.Leadership Effectiveness and Job PerformanceLeadership, or more specifically effective leadership, is every bit as crucial (if not more so) in African Organizations as it is thr oughout the world. African organizations are no different from others Worldwide in damage of striving for performance in order to be globally competitive. The South African situation, however, is incredibly conglomerate as many organizations are caught in the middle of a web of authoritarian hierarchies and traditional leadership approaches, as well as bureaucratic hierarchies mixed with modern approaches to leadership * (Grobler, Wrnich, Carrell, Elbert and Hatfield, 2002). It is argued that effective leadership has a positive influence on the performance of organizations (Maritz, 1995 Bass, 1997 Charlton, 2000). Ultimately it is the performance of many Individuals that culminates in the performance of the organization, or in the achievement of organizational goals. Effective leadership isinstrumental in ensuring organizational performance.* (Cummings and Schwab, 1973 Hellriegel, capital of Mississippi, Slocum, Staude, Amos, Klopper, Louw and Oosthuizen, 2004). As a result, many l eadership theories have been proposed in the last fifty years which are claimed to have influenced the overall effectiveness of the organizations where they have been employed. In the competitive world business environment it is vital that organisations employ leadership styles that enable organisations to survive in a dynamic environment. * (Maritz, 1995 Bass,1997) Performance has been defined by Hellriegel, Jackson and Slocum (1999) as the level of an individuals work achievement after having exerted effort.* Cummings and Schwab (1973) and Whittenand Cameron (1998) believe that performance is ultimately an individual phenomenon with environmental variables influencing performance primarily through their effect on the individual determinants of performance ability and motivation. * Behling and McFillen (1996) confirmed the link between high performance and leadership in the United States by developing a model of charismatic/transformational leadership where the leaders behaviour i s said to give climbing to inspiration, awe and empowerment in his subordinates, resulting in exceptionally high effort, exceptionally high commitment and willingness to take risks. It has been widely accepted that effective organizations require effective leadership, and organizational performance will suffer in direct proportion to the neglect of this (Maritz, 1995 Ristow, Amos and Staude, 1999).

Translation Technique by Molina and Albir Essay Example for Free

variant Technique by Molina and Albir Es supposeCet article a pour objectif de cerner la notion de technique de traduction enten due comme un diethylstilbestrol instruments danalyse textuelle qui permet detudier le fonctionnement de lequivalence par rapport a loriginal. Nous rappelons t reveal dabord les differentes definitions et classifications qui ont ete proposees ainsi que les confusions bourninologiques, conceptionuelles et de classification qui en ont decoule. Nous donnons ensuite notre definition de la technique de traduction en la differenciant de la method actinge et de la strategie de traduction et proposons une approche dynamique et fonctionnelle de celleci. Pour terminusiner, nous definissons chacune stilboestrol diverses techniques de traduction existantes et en presentons une nouvelle classification. Cette proposition a ete appliquee dans le cadre dune recherche tire la traduction stilbesterol elements culturels dans les traductions en arabe de Cent ans de so litude de Garcia Marquez. ABSTRACT The aim of this article is to clarify the notion of rendering technique, understood as an instrument of textual compendium that, in combination with other instruments, e bitu onlyyows us to study how interpreting equivalence works in relation to the original text.First, existing definitions and classifications of definition techniques atomic number 18 reviewed and terminological, conceptual and classification confusions argon pointed step forward. Secondly, variant techniques are redefined, enjoining them from version method and displacement reaction strategies. The definition is dynamic and functional. Finally, we present a classification of translation techniques that has been tried and true in a study of the translation of ethnical elements in Arabic translations of A Hundred age of Solitude by Garcia Marquez.MOTS-CLES/KEYWORDStranslation technique, translation method, translation strategy, translation equivalence, functionalism 1. TRANSLATION TECHNIQUES AS TOOL FOR abbreviation THE EXISTING CONFUSIONS The categories utilise to analyze translations allow us to study the way translation works. These categories are associate to text, context and mould. Textual categories portray mechanisms of coherence, cohesion and thematic progression. Contextual categories introduce all the extra-textual elements related to the context of source text and translation production. Process categories are designed to answer twain basic questions.Which alternative has the translator chosen to carry out the translation project, i. e. , which method has been chosen? How has the translator solved the troubles that pose emerged during the translation accomplish, i. e. , which strategies get down been chosen? However, research (or teaching) requirements may make it important to consider textual micro-units as surface, that is to say, how the result of the translation Meta, XLVII, 4, 2002 01. Meta 47/4. Partie 1 498 11/21 /02, 215 PM translation techniques revisited 499 functions in relation to the hold still foring unit in the source text. To do this we pauperisation translation techniques.We were make aware of this need in a study of the give-and-take of cultural elements in Arabic translations of A Hundred Years of Solitude1. Textual and contextual categories were not sufficient to identify, classify and look up the options chosen by the translators for each unit studied. We needed the category of translation techniques that allowed us to describe the actual steps interpreted by the translators in each textual micro-unit and obtain clear data about the general methodological option chosen. However, there is somewhat disagreement amongst translation scholars about translation techniques.This disagreement is not save terminological tho also conceptual. There is even a lack of consensus as to what surname to pass away to call the categories, different labels are practiced (procedures, techn iques, strategies) and sometimes they are conf employ with other concepts. Furthermore, different classifications attain been proposed and the terms often overlap. This article presents the definition and classification of translation techniques that we used in our study of the treatment of cultural elements in Arabic translations of A Hundred Years of Solitude.We also present a lively review of earlier definitions and classifications of translation techniques. 2. THE DIFFERENT APPROACHES TO CLASSIFYING TRANSLATION TECHNIQUES 2. 1. Translation Technical Procedures in the Compared Stylistics. Vinay and Darbelnets broach work Stylistique comparee du francais et de langlais (SCFA) (1958) was the first classification of translation techniques that had a clear methodological purpose. The term they used was procedes techniques de la traduction. They defined sevener basic procedures operating on three levels of style lexis, distribution (morphology and syntax) and message.The procedur es were assort as direct (or unfeigned) or oblique, to coincide with their distinction amidst direct (or literal) and oblique translation. Literal translation occurs when there is an exact structural, lexical, even structural equivalence mingled with cardinal speech communications. According to the authors, this is only realizable when the both languages are very cozy to each other. The literal translation procedures are Borrowing. A raillery taken directly from other(prenominal) language, e. g. , the English enunciate bulldozer has been incorporated directly into other languages. Calque.A foreign say or phrase turn ind and incorporated into another language, e. g. , fin de se master(prenominal)e from the English weekend. Literal translation. sacred scripture for devise translation, e. g. , The ink is on the table and Lencre est sur la table. Oblique translation occurs when word for word translation is impossible. The oblique translation procedures are 01. Meta 47/4. Partie 1 Transposition. A shift of word class, i. e. , verb for noun, noun for preposition e. g. , Expediteur and From. When there is a shift mingled with two signifiers, it is called crossed volte-face, e. g. , He limped across the street and Il a traverse la rue en boitant.Modulation. A shift in point of view. Whereas transposition is a shift between grammatical categories, modulation is a shift in cognitive categories. Vinay and Darbelnet 499 11/21/02, 215 PM 500 Meta, XLVII, 4, 2002 postulate eleven types of modulation abstract for concrete, let for effect, means for result, a vocalization for the square, geographical salmagundi, etc. , e. g. , the geographical modulation between encre de Chine and Indian ink. Intravaia and Scavee (1979) studied this procedure in depth and reached the conclusion that it is qualitatively different from the others and that the others washbowl be include within it.Equivalence. This accounts for the kindred situation utilize a comp letely different phrase, e. g. , the translation of proverbs or idiomatical expressions like, Comme un chien dans un jeu de quilles and Like a bull in a chinaware shop. Adaptation. A shift in cultural environment, i. e. , to express the message using a different situation, e. g. cycling for the french, cricket for the English and baseball for the Americans. These seven basic procedures are complemented by other procedures. Except for the procedures of compensation and inversion, they are all classified as opposing pairs. 01. Meta 47/4.Partie 1 Compensation. An item of information, or a stylistic effect from the ST that cannot be re stickd in the same place in the TT is introduced elsewhere in the TT, e. g. , the cut translation of I was pursuit thee, Flathead. from the Jungle Book Kipling used the archaic thee, instead of you, to express respect, but none of the akin french pronoun forms (tu, te, toi) have an archaic homogeneous, so the translator expressed the same f eeling by using the vocative, O, in another part of the sentence En verite, cest bien toi que je cherche, O Tete-Plate. Concentration vs. Dissolution.Concentration expresses a sensory faculty from the SL with fewer signifiers in the TL. Dissolution expresses a signified from the SL with more signifiers in the TL, e. g. , archery is a decay of the french tir a larc. Amplification vs. Economy. These procedures are exchangeable to concentration and dissolution. Amplification occurs when the TL uses more signifiers to offer syntactic or lexical gaps. According to Vinay and Darbelnet, dissolution is a question of langue and adaptation of parole, e. g. , He talked himself out of a production line and Il a perdu sa chance pour avoir trop parle.The opposite procedure is preservation, e. g., Well price ourselves out of the market and Nous ne pourrons plus vendre si nous sommes trop exigeants. Reinforcement vs. Condensation. These are variations of amplification and economy that are ch aracteristic of French and English, e. g. , English prepositions or conjunctions that need to be reinforced in French by a noun or a verb To the station and Entree de la gare Shall I phone for a cab? and Voulez-vous que je telephone pour faire venir une voiture? Mallblanc (1968) changed Vinay and Darbelnets reinforcement for over-characterization, because he found it was more appropriate for the traits of French and German.He pointed out that German prepositions, such as, in can be recordd into French as dans le creux de, dans le fond de, or, dans le sein de. Explicitation vs. Implicitation. Explicitation is to introduce information from the ST that is implicit from the context or the situation, e. g. , to make manifest the patients sex when translating his patient into French. Implicitation is to allow the situation to indicate information that is explicit in the ST, e. g. , the subject matter of sortez as go out or come out depends on the situation. inductive reasoning vs. Pa rticularization.Generalization is to translate a term for a more general one, whereas, particularization is the opposite, e. g. , the English translation of guichet, fenetre or devanture by window is a generalization. Inversion. This is to move a word or a phrase to another place in a sentence or a paragraph so that it reads intrinsicly in the target language, e. g. , Pack separately for comfortable inspection and Pour faciliter la visite de la douane mettre a part . 500 11/21/02, 215 PM translation techniques revisited 501 Table 1 Vinay and Darbelnets translation procedures Borrowing Bulldozer (E) ? Bulldozer (F) Calque Fin de semaine (F) ?Week-end (E) Literal translation Lencre est sur la table (F) ? The ink is on the table (E) Transposition Defense de fumer (F) ? No smoking (E) get over transposition He limped across the street (E) ? Il a traverse la rue en boitant (F) Modulation Encre de Chien (F) ? Indian Ink (E) Equivalence Comme un chien dans un jeu de quilles (F) ? Like a bull in a china shop (E) Adaptation Cyclisme (F) ? Cricket (E) ? Baseball (U. S) Compensation I was seeking thee, Flathead (E) ? En verite, cest bien toi que je cherche, O Tete-Plate (F) Dissolution Tir a larc (F) ? Archery (E) Concentration Archery (E) ? Tir a larc (F)Amplification He talked himself out of a job (E) ? Il a perdu sa chance pour avoir trop parle (F) Economy Nous ne pourrons plus vendre si nous sommes trop exigeants (F) ? Well price ourselves out of the market (E) Reinforcement Shall I phone for a cab? (E) ? Voulez-vous que je telephone pour faire venir une voiture? (F) Condensation Entree de la garde (F) ? To the station (E) Explicitation His patient (E) ? Son patient / Son patiente (F) Implicitation Go out/ Come out (E) ? Sortez (F) Generalization Guichet, fenetre, devanture (F) ? Window (E) Particularization Window (E) ? Guichet, fenetre, devanture (F) Articularization.In all this immense variety of conditions, (E) ? Et cependant, malgre la diversite des conditio ns, (F) Juxtaposition Et cependant, malgre la diversite des conditions, (F) ? In all this immense variety of conditions, (E) Grammaticalization A man in a spirited suit (E) ? Un homme vetu de blue (F) Lexicalization Un homme vetu de blue (F) ? A man in a blue suit (E) Inversion Pack separately for convenient inspection (E) ? Pour faciliter la visite de la douane mettre a part (F) 2. 2. The book of account translators From their study of biblical translation, Nida, Taber and Margot tighten on questions related to cultural transfer.They propose some(prenominal) categories to be used 01. Meta 47/4. Partie 1 501 11/21/02, 215 PM 502 Meta, XLVII, 4, 2002 when no equivalence exists in the target language enrollment techniques, essential distinction, explicative paraphrasing, redundancy and naturalization. 2. 2. 1. Techniques of adjustment Nida (1964) proposes three types additions, subtractions and alterations. They are used 1) to adjust the form of the message to the characteristi cs of the social system of the target language 2) to produce semantically equivalent structures 3) to generate appropriate stylistic equivalences 4) to produce an equivalent communicative effect. additions. Several of the SCFA procedures are included in this category. Nida lists different circumstances that might oblige a translator to make an addition to clarify an elliptic expression, to avoid ambiguity in the target language, to change a grammatical category (this corresponds to SCFAs transposition), to amplify implicit elements (this corresponds to SCFAs explicitation), to add connectors (this corresponds to SCFAs crossroads required by characteristics of the TL, etc. ). Examples are as follows.When translating from St Pauls Epistles, it is appropriate to add the verb keep in several places, even though it is not in the source text a literal translation of they tell him of her (Mark I30) into Mazatec would have to be amplified to the people there told Jesus about the woman , otherwise, as this language makes no distinctions of number and gender of pronominal affixes it could have thirty-six different interpretations He went up to capital of Israel. There he taught the people some languages require the equivalent of He went up to Jerusalem. Having arrived there, he taught the people.Subtractions. Nida lists quadruple situations where the translator should use this procedure, in addition to when it is required by the TL unnecessary repetition, specified references, conjunctions and adverbs. For mental testple, the name of God appears thirty-two times in the thirty-one verses of Genesis. Nida suggests using pronouns or omitting God. Alterations. These changes have to be do because of incompatibilities between the two languages. There are three main types. 1) Changes due to problems caused by transliteration when a tonic word is introduced from the source language, e. g., the transliteration of Messiah in the Loma language, means deaths hand, so it wa s altered to Mezaya.2) Changes due to structural differences between the two languages, e. g. , changes in word order, grammatical categories, etc. (similar to SCFAs transposition). 3) Changes due to semantic misfits, especially with idiomatic expressions. One of the suggestions to solve this kind of problem is the use of a descriptive equivalent i. e. , a satisfactory equivalent for objects, events or attributes that do not have a standard term in the TL. It is used for objects that are unknown in the target culture (e. g., in Maya the house where the equity was read for Synagogue) and for actions that do not have a lexical equivalent (e. g. , in Maya desire what another man has for covetousness, etc. )Nida includes footnotes as another adjustment technique and points out that they have two main functions 1) To correct linguistic and cultural differences, e. g. , to explain contradictory customs, to identify unknown geographical or tangible items, to give equivalents for weights and measures, to explain word play, to add information about proper names, etc. 2) To add supererogatory information about the historical and cultural context of the text in question.01. Meta 47/4. Partie 1 502 11/21/02, 215 PM translation techniques revisited 503 2. 2. 2. The essential differences Margot (1979) presents three criteria used to justify cultural adaptation. He refers to them as the essential differences. 1) 2) 3) Items that are unknown by the target culture. He suggests adding a classifier adjacent to the word (as Nida does), e. g. , the city of Jerusalem or, by using a cultural equivalent (similar to the SCFA procedure of adaptation), e. g. , in Jesus parable (Matthew 716) to change grapes / thorn bushes and figs / thistles for other plants that are more common in the target culture.However, he warns the reader that this procedure is not always possible. Taber y Nida (1974) list five factors that have to be taken into account when it is used a) the symbolic and th eological importance of the item in question, b) its fequency of use in the Bible, c) its semantic relationship with other delivery, d) similarities of function and form between the two items, e) the readers emotional response. The historical framework. Here Margot proposes a linguistic rather than a cultural translation, on the crusade that historical events cannot be modified. Adaptation to the specific situation of the target audience.Margot maintains that the translators task is to translate and that it is up to preachers, commentarists and Bible study groups to adapt the biblical text to the specific situation of the target audience. He includes footnotes as an aid to cultural adaptation. 2. 2. 3. The explicative recite Nida, Taber and Margot coincide in purloining between ordered and illegitimate paraphrasing. The legitimate paraphrase is a lexical change that makes the TT longer than the ST but does not change the meaning (similar to the SCFA amplification / dissolution. The illegitimate paraphrase makes ST items explicit in the TT.Nida, Taber and Margot agree this is not the translators job as it may introduce subjectivity. 2. 2. 4. The concept of redundancy According to Margot (1979), redundancy tries to achieve symmetry between ST readers and TT readers. This is done either by adding information (grammatical, syntactic and stylistic elements, etc. ) when differences between the two languages and cultures make a similar reception impossible for the TT readers, or by suppressing information when ST elements are redundant for the TT readers, e. g. , the Hebrew expression, answering, said that is redundant in some other languages.This procedure is very close to SCFAs implicitation / explicitation. 2. 2. 5. The concept of naturalization This concept was introduced by Nida (1964) after using the term natural to define dynamic equivalence (the closest natural equivalent to the source language message). Nida claims that naturalization can be achieved by taking into account 1) the source language and culture understood as a whole 2) the cultural context of the message 3) the target audience. This procedure is very close to SCFAs adaptation. 01. Meta 47/4. Partie 1 503 11/21/02, 215 PM 504 Meta, XLVII, 4, 2002 Table 2.The Bible translators proposals Classifier The city of Jerusalem Alteration Messiah (E) ? Mezaya (Loma) Cultural equivalent grapes / thorn bushes and figs / thistles ? other plants that are more common in the target culture Equivalent description Synagogue ? The house where the law was read (Maya) Footnotes 2. 3. Vazquez Ayoras skillful procedures Vazquez Ayora (1977) uses the term operational technical procedures, although he sometimes refers to them as the translation method. He combines the SCFA prescriptive onset with the Bible translators, descriptive approach and introduces some new procedures Omission. This is to omit redundancy and repetition that is characteristic of the SL, e. g. , to translate The commit tee has failed to act by La comision no actuo, omitting the verb to fail and avoiding over-translation La comision dejo de actuar. Desplacement and Inversion. Displacement corresponds to SCFAs inversion, where two elements change position, e. g. , The phone rang and Sono el telefono. Table 3 Vazquez Ayoras contribution Omission The committee has failed to act (E) ? La comision no actuo (Sp) Inversion The phone rang (E) ? Sono el telefono (Sp) 2. 4. Delisles contribution.Delisle (1993) introduces some variations to the SCFA procedures and maintains the term procedure for Vinay and Darbelnets proposals. However, for some other categories of his own, he introduces a different terminology, e. g. , translation strategies, translation errors, operations in the cognitive process of translating He lists several of these categories as contrasting pairs. In his review of Vinay and Darbelnet, he proposes simplifying the SCFA dichotomies of reinforcement/ space capsule and amplification/economy and he reduces them to a single pair, reinforcement/economy.Reinforcement is to use more words in the TT than the ST to express the same idea. He light upones three types of reinforcement 1) dissolution 2) explicitation (these two correspond to their SCFA homonyms) and 3) verbiage (this corresponds to SCFAs amplification). Economy is to use fewer words in the TT than the ST to express the same idea. He distinguishes three types of economy 1) concentration 2) implicitation (these two correspond to their SCFA homonyms and are in contrast to dissolution and explicitation) and concision (this corresponds to SCFAs economy and is in contrast to periphrasis). 01. Meta 47/4. Partie 1 504.11/21/02, 215 PM translation techniques revisited 505 The other categories Delisle introduces are Addition vs. Omission. He defines them as unjustified periphrasis and concision and considers them to be translation errors. Addition is to introduce unjustified stylistic elements and information that ar e not in the ST, omission is the unjustifiable suppression of elements in the ST. Paraphrase. This is defined as excessive use of paraphrase that complicates the TT without stylistic or rhetorical justification. It is also classified as a translation error. Delisles paraphrase and addition coincide with Margots illegitimate paraphrase.Discursive creation. This is an operation in the cognitive process of translating by which a non-lexical equivalence is established that only works in context, e. g. , In the world of literature, ideas deform cross-fertilized, the experience of others can be usefully employed to mutual benefit is translated into French as, Dans le domaine des lettres, le choc des idees se revele fecond il devient possible de profiter de lexperience dautrui. This concept is close to Nidas alterations caused by semantic incompatibilities and transliteration. Table 4 Delisles contributions Dissolution ReinforcementExplicitation Periphrasis (+) Addition () Paraphrase () C oncentration Economy Implicitation Concession (+) Discursive creation Omission () Ideas become cross-fertilized (E) ? Le choc des idees se revele fecond (F) 2. 5. Newmarks procedures Newmark (1988) also uses the term procedures to classify the proposals made by the comparative linguists and by the Bible translators, as well as some of his own. These are 01. Meta 47/4. Partie 1 Recognized translation. This is the the translation of a term that is already official or widely accepted, even though it may not be the most adequate, e. g., Gay-Lussacs Volumengesetz der Gase and Law of combining volumes. Functional equivalent.This is to use a culturally neutral word and to add a specifying term, e. g. , baccalaureat = French secondary school leaving exam Sejm = Polish parliament. It is very similar to Margots cultural equivalent, and in the SCFA terminology it would be an adaptation (secondary school leaving exam / parliament) with an explicitation (French/ Polish). Naturalization. Newma rks definition is not the same as Nidas. For Nida, it comes from transfer (SCFAs borrowing) and consists of adapting a SL word to the phonetic and morphological norms of the TL, e.g. , the German word Performanz and the English performance. 505 11/21/02, 215 PM 506 Meta, XLVII, 4, 2002.Translation label. This is a provisional translation, usually of a new term, and a literal translation could be acceptable, e. g. , Erbschaftssprache or langue dheritage from the English heritage language. Newmark includes the option of solving a problem by combining two or more procedures (he called these solutions doubles, triples or quadruples). Newmark also adds synonymy as another category. Table 5 Newmarks procedures Recognized translation Volumengesetz der Gase (G) ? Law of combining volumes (E).Functional equivalent Baccalaureat (F) ? Baccalaureat, secondary school leaving exam (E) Naturalization Performance (E) ? Performanz (G) Translation label Heritage language (E) ? Langue dheritage (F) 3. CRITICAL polish up OF TRANSLATION TECHNIQUES As we have seen, there is no general agreement about this instrument of analysis and there is confusion about terminology, concepts and classification. The most serious confusions are the adjacent. 3. 1. terminological confusion and over-lapping terms Terminological diversity and the overlapping of terms make it difficult to use these terms and to be understood.The same concept is expressed with different names and the classifications vary, covering different areas of problems. In one classification one term may over-lap another in a different system of classification. The category itself is given different names, for example, Delisle uses procedure, translation strategy, etc. 3. 2. The confusion between translation process and translation result This confusion was established by Vinay y Darbelnets pioneer proposal, when they presented the procedures as a description of the ways open to the translator in the translation process.Neverth eless, the procedures, as they are presented in the SCFA do not refer to the process followed by the translator, but to the final result. The confusion has persisted and translation techniques have been confused with other translation categories method and strategies. In some of the proposals there is a conceptual confusion between techniques and translation method. Vinay y Darbelnet introduced the confusion by dividing the procedures following the traditional methodological dichotomy between literal and free translation.As they worked with isolated units they did not distinguish between categories that affect the whole text and categories that refer to small units. Furthermore, the subtitle of their book, Methode de traduction, caused even more confusion. In our opinion (see 4. 1. ), a distinction should bemade between translation method, that is part of the process, a global choice that affects the whole translation, and translation techniques that describe the result and affect s maller sections of the translation. 01. Meta 47/4. Partie 1 50611/21/02, 215 PM translation techniques revisited 507 The SCFA use of the term procedures created confusion wirh another category related to the process translation strategies. Procedures are related to the distinction between declarative knowledge (what you know) and procedural or operative knowledge (know-how) (Anderson 1983). Procedures are an important part of procedural knowledge, they are related to knowing how to do something, the talent to organise actions to reach a specific goal (Pozo, Gonzalo and Postigo 1993).Procedures include the use of simple techniques and skills, as well as expert use of strategies (Pozo y Postigo 1993). Strategies are an essential element in problem solving. Therefore, in relation to solving translation problems, we think a distinction should be made between techniques and strategies. Techniques describe the result obtained and can be used to classify different types of translation sol utions. Strategies are related to the mechanisms used by translators throughout the the whole translation process to find a solution to the problems they find.The technical procedures (the name itself is ambiguous) affect the results and not the process, so they should be distinguished from strategies. We propose they should be called translation techniques. 3. 3. The confusion between issues related to language pairs and text pairs Vinay y Darbelnets original proposal also led to a confusion between language problems and text problems. Their work was based on comparative linguistics and all the examples used to illustrate their procedures were decontextualized. In addition, because they gave a single translation for each linguistic item, the result was pairs of mulish equivalences.This led to a confusion between comparative linguistic phenomena (and the categories needed to analyse their similarities and differences) and phenomena related to translating texts (that need other cate gories). The use of translation techniques following the SCFA approach is limited to the classification of differences between language systems, not the textual solutions needed for translation. For example, SCFAs borrowing, transposition and inversion, or, Vazquez Ayoras omission, should not be considered as translation techniques.They are not a textual option open to the translator, but an obligation imposed by the characteristics of the language pair. 4. A DEFINITION OF TRANSLATION TECHNIQUES Our proposal is based on two premises 1) the need to distinguish between method, strategy and technique 2) the need for an dynamic and functional concept of translation techniques. 4. 1. The need to distinguish between method, strategy and technique We think that translation method, strategies and techniques are essentially different categories. (Hurtado 1996). 4. 1. 1. Translation method and translation techniques.Translation method refers to the way a particular translation process is carr ied out in terms of the translators objective, i. e. , a global option that affects the whole text. There are several translation methods that may be chosen, depending on the aim of 01. Meta 47/4. Partie 1 507 11/21/02, 215 PM 508 Meta, XLVII, 4, 2002 the translation interpretative-communicative (translation of the sense), literal (linguistic transcodification), free (modification of semiotic and communicative categories) and philological (academic or fault determination translation) (see Hurtado Albir 1999 32).Each solution the translator chooses when translating a text responds to the global option that affects the whole text (the translation method) and depends on the aim of the translation. The translation method affects the way micro-units of the text are translated the translation techniques. Thus, we should distinguish between the method chosen by the translator, e. g. , literal or adaptation, that affects the whole text, and the translation techniques, e. g. , literal trans lation or adaptation, that affect microunits of the text.Logically, method and functions should function harmoniously in the text. For example, if the aim of a translation method is to produce a foreignising version, then borrowing will be one of the most frequently used translation techniques. (Cf. This has been shown in Molina (1998), where she analyses the three translations into Arabic of Garcia Marquezs A Hundred Years of Solitude. Each translation had adoptive a different translation method, and the techniques were studied in relation to the method chosen). 4. 1. 2.Translation strategy and translation techniques Whatever method is chosen, the translator may encounter problems in the translation process, either because of a oddly difficult unit, or because there may be a gap in the translators knowledge or skills. This is when translation strategies are activated. Strategies are the procedures (conscious or unconscious, verbal or nonverbal) used by the translator to solve prob lems that emerge when carrying out the translation process with a particular objective in mind (Hurtado Albir 1996, 1999).Translators use strategies for comprehension (e. g. , distinguish main and secondary ideas, establish conceptual relationships, search for information) and for reformulation (e. g. , paraphrase, retranslate, say out loud, avoid words that are close to the original). Because strategies play an essential role in problem solving, they are a central part of the subcompetencies that make up translation competence. Strategies open the way to finding a suitable solution for a translation unit. The solution will be materialized by using a particular techniqu.

Identifying the Major Causes of the Civil War Essay Example for Free

Identifying the Major Causes of the Civil War EssayThe civil war happened between the years 1861 and 1865 when the narrative of the United States was still very young. It was a very costly war, leading to over 600000 casualties. Its origin send packing be traced to a number of causes, which I identify in this essay. First of all, in that respect were tension between the North and the South due to economic and social differences (Catton, 1988). The economy of the south depended mainly on plantation agriculture, growing commercial cotton using slave labor. The north was industry-oriented, and this meant that two groups of people had to learn to become together. Secondly, there were ideological differences as some people were against according of greater rights for the state succession others snarl that more authority needed to be vested on the federal government (Catton, 1988). Many felt that the US constitution had given the state very few rights, and this led to conflicts. Third, there was continuous animosity between those who supported the use of slave labor and those opposed to slavery. These conflicts eventually spilled over to the Senate, and these tensions contributed to the outbreak of war. Growth of the abolishment movement was another leading cause of the Civil War.The North generally opposed slavery while the South depended on it. African American slaves in the south started moving to the North where their rights were more recognized, and sympathizers there harbored them (Catton, 1988). This caused animosity between northern and southern states. Finally, the election of Abraham Lincoln, who was a supporter of the Abolitionist Movement, caused South Carolina to sequel a declaration of secession Mississippi, Florida, Alabama, Georgia Louisiana and Texas soon followed suit, and action had to be taken to affect the union (Catton, 1988).

The March on Washington Essay Example for Free

The March on Washington EssayThe March on Washington for Jobs and Freedom occurred in Washington D.C on the twenty-eighth of August, 1963. Attended by some 250,000 people, it was the largest demonstration ever seen in the nations capital, and one of the branch to have extensive television coverage.( Source 3) The litigate started because of employment discrimination against African-Americans who were forced into lower nonrecreational positions, Labor leaders and elder statesmens of the cultivated rights movement A. Philip Randolph and Bayard Rustin had initially planned a march in 1941. Directors of the Major Civil Rights Organization went to work on behalf of the proposed legislation. In the political sense, the march was nonionic by coalition of organizations and their leaders including Randolph who was chosen as the titular head of the march, James Farmer (president of the intercourse of Racial Equality ), John Lewis ( chairman of the Student Nonviolent Coordinating Com mittee) , Martin Luther King, Jr. (president of the Southern Christian Leadership Conference), Roy Wilkins (president of the NAACP), Whitney Young (president of the National Urban League).( Source 3) They determined that the most efficient strategy would be a public show of acquit in the nations capital. In the spring of 1963, Randolph revive his proposal on the march. The March for Jobs and Freedom, as it was called, demanded desegregation of public facilities, as end to discrimination and employment, skillful housing, and education, and the right to vote. The march won endorsement of every major civil rights organization. ( Englebert Pg 80) However, the plan had one flaw, and prexy Kennedy addressed it. President Kennedy requested thirty civil rights leaders for a conference at the bloodless House, and tried to persuade them out of the march, because Kennedy thought the march would harm thechances of passage of his civil rights bill he also feared that the demonstration could turn brutal.Since there were already African-Americans holding demonstrations across America, he responded to President Kennedy by saying this If they are bound to be in the streets in any case, said Randolph, is it not part that they be led by organizations decided to civil rights and disciplined by struggle rather than bring home the bacon them to other leaders who care neither about civil rights nor about nonviolence? A. Philip Randolph ( Engleberts Pg 80) Even though President Kennedy was still undecided about their plan of a national march, President Kennedy commanded officials of administration to support the March organizers.The march started at the Washington Monument and finished at the Lincoln Memorial with a program of music and speakers. The march unsuccessfully started on time because the leaders were meeting with the members of Congress. By strike to the leaders, the assembled group started to march from the Washington Monument to the Lincoln Memorial without them . The 1963 March also spurred anniversary marches that occur every five years, with the 20th and twenty-fifth being some of the most well known. The 25th Anniversary theme was We Still have a DreamJobs*Peace*Freedom. ( Source 2)BIBLIOGRAPHY1. Englebert, Phillis, American civil rights almanac- Volume 1. 1999, Boston. 2.http//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/March_on_Washington_for_Jobs_and_Freedom 3.http//www.infoplease.com/spot/marchonwashington.html4. http//uquoted.com/the-march-on-washington-affirmed-our-values-as-a-people-equality-and-opportunity-for-all-forty-one-years-ago-during-a-time-of-segregation-these-were-an-ideal/

Free

Free ism EssayIn philosophy, the self is used to refer to the ultimate locus of personal identity, the agent and the knower involved in each persons actions and cognitions. The notion of the self has traditionally raised some(prenominal) philosophical questions. First, there are questions about the nature and very equalence of the self. Is the self a visible or immaterial thing? Is the self even a real thing or earlier a merely nominal object? Second, is the self the object of a unpaired form of introverted knowledge, and if so, what does this tell about its ultimate nature?Third, what is the relation between the nature of the self and the linguistic phenomena of self-reference, such as the use of the first-person pronoun I? In this course, we will investigate these and related questions with a special sharpen on the issue of the unity of the self. In the first half of the course, particular attention will be devoted to recent works on the relation between the nature of the self, the unity of agency and the parade of self-constitution by authors such as Korsgaard, Velleman, Dennett In the second half of the course, we will discuss some of the peculiar features of self-knowledge and consider whether the idea of self-constitution can shed light on them.The self does not really exist as something truly real because it is not available to introspection (Hume) it is not a thing (Existentialists) it is a soluble fish in a sea of general meanings or representations (postmodernists) and/or it cannot be order in the brain or its activity (neurophilosophers). There are many other lines of attack tho these examples are sufficient to illustrate what is wrong with these autocides they are looking for the wrong kind of entity or in the wrong place or both.

Pizza Hut Report Correction1 Essay Example for Free

Pizza hovel Report Correction1 EssayPizza chanty, Inc. is the largest pizza pie pie restaurant in the population in terms of both the number of outlets and the percentage of market sh be it holds. On June 15th, 1958, two brothers Dan and hotdog Carney opened the first-year Pizza chantey restaurant in Wichita, Kansas. A friend suggested to them that they should open a pizza palor, the brothers agreed that the idea could prove successful. The Carney brothers borrowed $600 from their mother to start the strain with friend John curve ball. lease a small building in downtown Wichita and purchasing second hand equipment to make pizzaz, the Carneys and Bender opened the first Pizza Hut restaurant.On the opening night of the restaurant, they gave pizza away to assist community interest. Pizza Hut, Inc. oversees more than 11,000 pizza restaurants and delivery outlets in 90 countries, for example, Trinidad and Tobago, worldwide. A Pizza Hut restaurant is characterized by a parti cular freestanding design with a prominent red roof. The restaurants argon full-service, eat- in/carryout with about 60-90 seatings, open from 11 a. m. to midnight. Pizza Hut delivers pizzas, pasta and wings. They were not totally the first to provide America with Pan Pizza, but they were also the first ever online purchase.SID 1517851/1 Mission line Pizza Hut, Inc. mission statement is We take pride in making a perfect pizza and providing courteous and helpful service on time all the time. Every node says, Ill be back Another part of Pizza Hut, Inc. mission statement is We are accountable for profitability in every refinedlyg we do, providing our shareholders with value growth.Pizza Hut core values goes by the acronym P. E. A. R. L. S PASSION for excellence in doing everything EXECUTE with positive energy and need ACCOUNTABLE for growth in customer satisfaction sleep together the achievement of others and have fun doing it LISTEN and more importantly, respond to the voice of the customer. SID 1517851/1 Financial stocky SID 1517851/1 Marketing Mix 7 Ps Product ?Pizza Hut only sells pizzas but deals in a variety of other products such as appetizers, beverages, desserts, pastas ?Pizza Hut principally sells four types of pizzas with three sizes, namely small, regular and large. Those are Pan pizzas, Sausage crust pizzas, stuffed crust pizzas, thin crust pizzas. Price ? Pizza Hut keep ups a high/low pricing (Price skimming) strategy. Thing high/low strategy has several advantages for Pizza Hut such as ? phthisis to create excitement SID 1517851/1?Set high price initially to send a mark that its products are best in musical note and service offered in excellent. ?In competition either from pizza players or from substitutes, Pizza Hut has also reduced price by maintaining the same level of customer service and quality. Promotion ? Media advertising ?Sales promotion ?Special events and experiences ?Public relations ?Coupons ?Discount figure out ? The cus tomers are invited to check the ingredients used. ?Delivery on time or free next time ? lay down away refined carryout procedures to provide faster, more efficient service rapidly expanded the delivery trading operations throughout the country implementing combination operations Place ? Pizza Huts first rule of distribution is delivery. ?Offers dine-in ?Online ordering ?Largest competitive advantages is the restaurant style facility SID 1517851/1 People ?Pizza Hut have a standard uniform for their employees ?Employees are well trained ?They maintain the customer and employee family relationship in good manner. Deliver consistent standards of hospitality. ?They always appear well groomed Physical enjoin ? Pizza Hut focuses on neat and clean environment ?The staff believes that they are providing the superior quality to their every customer ?They have a pleasing environment ?Nice interior decorations which looks rich SID 1517851/1 Marketing Mix Summary Pizza Hut, Inc. mainly sells Pan pizzas, stuffed crust pizzas, sausage crust pizza, thin crust pizzas. They follow a high/low pricing strategy as far as its new product are concerned where it fixes the price higher than its competitors and then gradually lowers the price below the competitors prices. Pizza Hut offers dine-in and also delivery, their employees are well trained and well groomed. The feed manufacturing process at the restaurant is completely transparent. Pizza Hut focuses on neat and clean environment.They resurrect their business through advertising, human relations et chetera. SID 1517851/1 Market Analysis Suppliers Some of Pizza Huts suppliers in Trinidad are Arawak, Flour Mills, Coca- Cola, SOLO and Blue Waters. Public The bank, employees, media governments and T. V has a broad impact on the come with receivable to the storing of their money, getting workers to get the job done and advertising. Intermedians There are no intermedians for this company. Customers Competitors Pizza Hut s competitors in Trinidad are Dominos, Marios, Pizza Boys, Joes Pizza and public address system Johns.The market share in the pizza business is very high due to the marrow of brand name pizzas, therefore if you want to go into the pizza business, I suggest you go low one of the brand name companies. SID 1517851/1 PESTLE Political Political issues may affect the business in different ways. There are political factors in Trinidad affecting Pizza Hut due to competition. Factors such as laws on business employment, taxation and pollution apply on the organization which it has to follow regarding the rules. Environmental There are no laws that are really affecting the company environmental wise, However, the company must contribute to the community in some way.Socio-Cultural Every country has cultural norms, values, beliefs and religion which butt affect the organization. Technology Todays techonology is improving. Due to new technology the company is able to broil and heat produ cts faster which provides efficient service. There are also new ways of marketing for instance, network telemarketing and the organization can advertise their products with much more faster pace. Management Information outline helps in collecting customer data, daily transactions and forecasting. Legal Due to daily operations, the laws are not affecting this business in any way.Economic Once the countrys GDP (Gross interior(prenominal) Product) is high, this will be a colossal signal for the business as the per capita income of the people will be increased SID 1517851/1 and they will spend more money. In Trinidad and Tobago the GDP is high which is a great signal for this organization.Reference List SID 1517851/1 https//order. pizzahut. com/home? http//www. slideshare. net/deepankarverma73/pizza-hutreport related=1 SID 1517851/1 SID 1517851/1 Module Title Marketing Essentials Module Code Due Date Thursday 16th, April 2015 Word itemize 1000.