Humman Cloning

* INTRODUCTION The world of science and the unexclusive at double were some(prenominal) shocked and fascinated by the announcement in the ledger Nature by Ian Wilmut and his colleagues that they had successfully clond a sheep from a single mobile phone of an grownup sheep (Wilmut 1997). Scientists were in part surprised, because many had believed that after the very aboriginal st suppurate of conceptus maturement at which differentiation of prison cell give look begins to take place, it would non be possible to achieve re-create of an cock-a-hoop mammalian by nu comport transfer.In this process, the lens nucleus from the cell of an adult mammal is inserted into an ennucleated ovum, and the resulting embryo develops following the complete patrimonial code of the mammal from which the inserted nucleus was obtained. But nearly scientists and much of the public were troubled or plainly eventide horrified at the diorama that if adult mammals such as sheep could be cl oned, then copy of adult merciful race beingss by the similarprocess would probable be possible as well.Of course, the process is far from perfected even with sheep it took 276 failures by Wilmut and his colleagues to produce Dolly, their one success. Whether the process disregard be successfully replicated in other mammals, much less in valets, is not promptly kat oncen. But those who were horrified at the prospect of world re-create were not assuaged by the fact that the science with humans is not as yet thither, for it looked to them now perilously close. The response of most scientific and political leaders to the prospect of human clone, indeed of Dr. Wilmut as well, was of immediate and strong scourge.In the United States, hot seat Clinton immediately banned federal financing of human re-create query and asked privately funded scientists to halt such work until the newly formed topic Bioethics Advisory Commission could review the troubling ethical and sanctio ned implications. The Director-General of the gentlemans gentleman Health Organization (WHO) characterized human copy as ethically unsufferable as it would violate some of the basic principles which govern medically assist reproduction. These include respect for the dignity of the human being and the protection of the security system of human communicable material (WHO 1997).Around the world similar immediate condemnation was heard, as human clone was called a violation of human rights and human dignity. Even before Wilmuts announcement, human copy had been made wicked in nearly all countries in europium and had been condemned by the Council of Europe (Council of Europe 1986). A few more than than cautious voices were heard, both suggesting some possible benefits from the use of human clone in limited raft and questioning its too quick ban, exclusively they were a clear minority.In the everyday media, nightmare scenarios of laboratory mistakes resulting in monsters, th e cloning of armies of Hitlers, the exploitative use of cloning for totalitarian ends as in Huxleys Brave New World, and the homicidal replicas of the film Blade Runner, all fed the public controversy and uneasiness. A striking feature of these early responses was that their strength and intensity seemed to far outrun the arguments and reasons offered in support of them they seemed often to be gut level randy reactions rather than con alignred reflections on the issues.Such reactions should not be simply dismissed, both because they may point us to important considerations otherwise missed and not soft articulated, and because they often have a major impact on public policy. But the formation of public policy should not ignore the incorrupt reasons and arguments that bear on the apply of human cloning these moldiness be articulated inE-4 order to pull in and inform lots more immediate emotional responses. This paper is an effort to articulate, and to evaluate critically, the m ain clean considerations and arguments for and against human cloning.Though many populations religious beliefs inform their views on human cloning, and it is often difficult to separate religious from layman positions, I shall restrict myself to arguments and reasons that can be given up a clear secular formulation and will ignore explicitly religious positions and arguments pro or con. I shall also be appertained principally with cloning by nuclear transfer, which permits cloning of an adult, not cloning by embryo splitting, although some of the issues apply to both (Cohen and Tomkin 1994).I begin by noting that on each side of the issue there are two distinct kinds of good arguments brought forward. On the one hand, some opponents claim that human cloning would violate thoroughgoing virtuous or human rights, while some proponents argue that its prohibition would violate such rights. On the other hand, both opponents and proponents also citation the likely harms and benefit s, both to individuals and to society, of the practice. While moral and even human rights consider not be understood as bsolute, that is, as morally requiring people to respect them no matter how great the costs or stinky consequences of doing so, they do place moralrestrictions on permissible actions that appeal to a holy balance of benefits over harms. For example, the rights of human subjects in search must be respected even if the result is that some potentially beneficial look into is made more difficult or cannot be done, and the right of tolerant expression prohibits the silencing of unpopular or even abhorrent views in Ronald Dworkins striking formulation, rights trump utility (Dworkin 1978).I shall take up both the moral rights implicated in human cloning, as well as its more likely significant benefits and harms, because none of the rights as applied to human cloning is sufficiently uncontroversial and strong to settle decisively the morality of the practice one way or the other. But because of their strong moral force, the estimation of the moral rights putatively at stake is especially important. A further complexness here is that it is sometimes controversial whether a particular consideration is yet a matter of benefits and harms, or is instead a matter of moral or human rights.I shall begin with the arguments in support of permitting human cloning, although with no implication that it is the stronger or weaker position * The possibility of human cloning, raised when Scotch scientists at Roslin Institute created the much-celebrated sheep Dolly (Nature385,810-13, 1997), aro apply worldwide interest and concern because of its scientific and ethical implications. The feat, cited bySciencemagazine as the uncovering of 1997, also generated uncertainty over the meaning of cloning an umbrella end point traditionally used by scientists to describe different processes for duplicating biological material. historical Background The history of hum an cloning human cloning is doubtless one of the most fascinating chapters of our lives. Essential question to be discussed to understand the ramifications of human cloning is when human life begins? C. Ward Kischer, a notable American embryologists, wrote in a recent article Since 1973 when Roe vs. wade was won there were many socio-legal issues related to to human embryo. Abortion, fertilization in vitro research on human embryos, research on stem cells, cloning and genetic engineering are substantive issues of human embryology.The answer is clear embryology that life begins at fertilization of the egg by a spermatozoan (sexual reproduction) or if the SCNT cloning, implantation and activation when the donor somatic cell nucleus into an egg recipient (asexual reproduction). (6) Although non-mammalian cloning was achieved in 1952, mankind had to deferment another 44 years until he was finally cloned the firstly mammal. The first cloned mammal, Dolly the sheep was born on July 5, 1996. In this fascinating history of cloning, there has been a major setback in 2003 when Dolly died at the age of 6 years.Death of the first cloned mammal, was followed by a lively debate related issues / ethical aspects of cloning, debate that continues today. Besides the successful attempts to clone the different species of animals, XX century was marked by several important moments in the development of the genealogy. Deciphering the success of DNA code in 1968 came as an enormous pass around much desired human clone. With nearly 20 years later, by 1988 the human genome, that genome Homosapiens stored in 23 pairs of chromosomes has been released.As things were headed becoming better by the appearance of a human clone, a major problem has draw human cloning prohibition act in 2009, which has labeled as cloning illegal, immoral, not unethical activity. Since 2009, human cloning is illegal in 23 countries. So far, experiments were undertaken with five species of animals and th e high rate of failure has given rise to many questions about human cloning success. Only 1% of animal cloning made so far have had a positive result, but most of them have suffered serious disorders. The conclusion of experts is that the incumbent level of technology, human cloning is very dangerous.I discussed two grammatical cases of human cloning healing(p) cloning and reproductive cloning. Therapeutic cloning involves cloning cells from an adult for medicinal use and is an active research area, while reproductive cloning would involve the creation of human clones. Therapeutic cloning could provide rummy ways to cure diseases until now considered incurable diabetes, Parkinsons, Alzheimers, heart disease. (1) The third type of cloning called replacement cloning is a possibility in guess and would be a combination of therapeutic cloning and reproductive cloning.Higher chance of achieving a therapeutic cloning is more accessible in equipment casualty of technique, but also l ess morally problematic. * Statement Of The Problem * What is cloning? Are there different types of cloning * How can cloning technologies be used? * What Animal Haved Been Cloned ? * Can organs be cloned for use in transplants? * What are the risks of cloning? * Should humans be cloned? * How Human Cloning ordain Work Cause And Effect Ethics Ethical issues of human cloning have become an important issue in recent years. many ethical arguments against human cloning are based on misconceptions.Many people think that these clones will have the same characteristics / personalities as the person cloned. Although clone and cloned individual have the same genes, traits and personalities are different. People think that a clone is physically identical to the donor and her conduct, but this is not on-key because although there is a physical identity, living environment shapes an individuals ongoing behavior and psychology. Many people believe that cloning will lead to damage of individual ity eventually, but people have their own spirit cloned which personality is similar to those in which they were created.Lawrence Nelson, associate professor of philosophy at UCS, verbalise that embryos can be used for research if the purpose of research can not be achieved by other methods the embryos have reached more than 14-18 age of development those who use forbid you to consider or treat as personal property. One of the most serious problems of cloning of human embryos for therapeutic purposes, is that with harvesting stem cells, the embryo is formed by cloning interoperable killed. We can not reduce the existence of a human embryo to a cell as long as after both science and teaching of the Church, the human embryo is a carrier of life. 8) For a few years, the legalization of human cloning is in the center of foreign debate, which was also attended not and scientists but also politicians, philosophers, theologians, psychologists. For example, American Association of Pro Life Obstetricians and Gynecologists (AAPLOG) has spoken out against cloning, drawing help that some business people might think of trading a human life. (4) What is harder is that it could reach the reproduction of living people without them knowing, to be elusive in this process or to give consent.Questions appeared on the social billet of any clone. What will be their status in society? In the U. S. House of Representatives issued a ruling that human cloning is illegal, but the Senate has yet to rule on the matter. The opinions are still leaning toward accepting scarce therapeutic cloning. Legalization of therapeutic cloning has been proposed as the provided way to investigate, the chances of success, the basic criterion for funding such programs as the primary mark should be finding cures for incurable diseases.A coalition of states, including Spain, Italy, Philippines, USA, Costa Rica and the Holy grunge have tried to expand the debate on all forms of human cloning, noting that in their view, therapeutic cloning violates human dignity. Costa Rica proposed the adoption of an international convention to combat any form of cloning. Australia has banned human cloning in December 2006, but therapeutic cloning is now legal in some parts of Australia. European Union European radiation diagram on Human Rights prohibits human cloning in an additional protocol, but the protocol has been ratified only by Greece, Spain and Portugal.England The British government introduced legislation to allow therapeutic cloning in a debate on January 14, 2001. Hope that parliament will pass the law was prohibitive. Roman Catholic Church under Pope Benedict XVI has condemned the practice of human cloning, saying it represents a grave offense against human dignity and equation among the people. Human cloning is prohibited in Islam at the Tenth conference in Jeddah. Saudi Arabia has decided on June 28, 1997-July 3, 1997 as the beginning of human cloning is haraam (fo rbidden by the faith-sin).Jesse Rainbow explain why there is an aversion to human cloning a clone would not be a historical person cloning is playing the God cloning is not infixed mention in closing some of the conditions proposed in a provisional list yet, so research on therapeutic human cloning (reproductive one is illegal) to proceed lawfully it is necessary for embryos to be used only in the early stages of their development, without being allowed to grow further, all programs research must be supervised by government organizations dealing with fertilization and genetic techniques, various research programs will receive funding and approval only if it is scientifically demonstrated that there is no other way of obtaining the same results conventional, will not be permitted to research on human genetic material can be combined with that of animals, there must be a permanent state of public information on research undertaken and to be postulated that the limitations may be required to report the experiences and suffering of animals used for human benefit. (5)

Types of Abuse

Abuse There are many different types of wickedness and it hindquarters be defined as mistreating another human with the intention to be cruel or violent or bring forth harm. It back tooth be described as the misuse or mishandle of something.It occurs a lot and unremarkably d sensation to acquire a nasty notwithstanding satisfying effect. go off abuseThis occurs during an unhealthy relationship between two muckle, usually teenagers, when maven person wants underwrite or power in the relationship. It occurs repeatedly and usually aggressive and commanding manner allows the recipient to gain dominance.Profile of the maltreatero Usually has a past of abuse in the familyo whitethorn turn over been abused when they were youngero They may not cope wello Have a high in bow out of drugs or alcoholo Usually strike characteristics of being? grabby? Manipulative ? Controlling? Narcissistic? Disconnected?Hypersensitive Profile of the dupe o Usually blames themselveso Goes into d epressiono Low self-esteemo Suicidal thoughtso Socially isolatedo May countenance anxiety Dating abuse examplesEmotional or psychological abuse Making someone feel like they not important my employment them names or treating them like a child by say them around, yelling at someone. Insulting, swearing, ignoring, threating or isolating dupe.Physical abuse nuisance someone in a way that leaves bruises, using a piece against dupe, doesnt allow victim to eat or sleep. Chocking, pushing, pinching, biting, pulling your hair, locking you out of the house.Sexual abuse Doesnt allow the victim birth control, forces the victim to have elicit with them, forces the victim to engage in pornography and prostitution. Unwanted touching, forces you to engage in sexual behavior that hurts you, refusing you to use safe sex practices.Controlling behavior Is overprotective over the victim to a point where they dont trust the victim, isolates victim from family and friends. Overprotective, jealous, creates accusations, criticize or stalks victim.Use of social media encourages date abuse1. Its addictiveResearch shows that stack who constantly use social media and their phones to a point where it becomes addictive or excessive, abandon their personal life, show signs of mood modification, and are mentally preoccupied. This shows that people who use social media increasingly can neglect their assistants which may receive their followers to leave them which can cause them to become angry and abuse. It can cause them to have mood swings and therefore impart it out on their companions when they depart enraged.2. It triggers sadnessSocial media isolates the abuser and an increase use of it can touch the abuser feel lonely even though their assistant is with them. This can make them abuse their partner as they could feel like their partner isnt supporting them. Sometimes as people pee sadder they tend to take it out on others to feel satisfied or content and this could lo ok upon taking it out on their partners.3. It can lead to jealousyStudies have shown that excessive social media users have triggers of jealousy. Abusers can feel jealous when their friends dating lives are more(prenominal) extraordinary than theirs and could become furious that their partners arent as excite and therefore take it out on their partner. Abusers are often overprotective and if their partner is engaging with someone else on social media and they see it could thurify the abusers which leads to violence.Use of cellphones increase dating violenceTeenagers are usually able to get excess to the internet or if not they all have phones. This makes them an clear target to dating violence as their abuser can be them anywhere at any time. This means that the abuser can control and degrade the victim just by a click of a few barelytons over their mobile phones.Abusers can harass their victims through online texts which may dehumanize the victim and cause them to feel abused. Abusers may also sexually harass their partners online by asking for nude pictures or forcing them to engage in unwanted, awkward sexting. Abusers often message their partners constantly not because they care but because they need to feel like they in control and make the victim frightd.Abusers can often hack their partners social media sites to get by what they up to, they often post private messages or pictures, they can post cruel things near their partner online, they can track their partners location and they can stalk. By doing this they intimidate their partner and provide often abuse if their partner is, according to them, doing something wrong. monition signs of dating abuseo Your partner threatens youo Isolates you from your friends and familyo Dehumanizes youo Your partner makes you feel guilty to get their wayo Your partner is aggressive towards youo Your partner forces you to do uncomfortable thingso You are blamed for everything that goes wrongo You are called nam es by your partner and belittled by themo Your partner calls and messages you excessivelyo Your partner touches you in public without your permissiono Your partner exceeds your physical boundarieso Your partner controls your reproductive choiceso Your partner has explosive tempero You are forced into having sex with your partnerHow to escape an scurrilous relationship?1. Talk to someone round your situation2. Set divagation money and slowly represent your belongings out3. Pack an exigency bag4. Plan your escape route and where you will live5. forsake when your partner is not at home6. Dont take the blame7. issue everything you experience down8. Warn and tell your friends and family9. Block the abuser on any social sites10. Seek physiologic help11. Move on and regain your value and dignityOrganizations that can help Legal Aid due south Africa offers legal assistance. To locate your nearest Justice Centre, call 0861 053 425 or prattle www.legal-aid.co.za.Rape Crisis offers fre e confidential counselling to people who have been raped or sexually assaulted. Call 011 642 4345.SAPS 10111University campus law clinics also offer legal assistance.Powa provides counselling, some(prenominal) telephonically and in person, temporary shelter for and legal help to women who have experience violence.Call 011 642 434Tears foundation Founded in 2012, this non-profit organization provides a database of medical, legal and psychological function available in South Africa to help those who have been raped or survived sexual abuse.Call 010 590 5920Part 2 55 Tyrone avenue Parkview Johannesburg 21935th February 2018Dear JohannaIve heard somewhat your experience with your violent young man and I am extremely defensive that you had to go through such an ordeal. I cannot even bear to theorise the pain you had to go through. The suffering you have experienced is traumatizing and has happened solely because your dude wanted control in the relationship. Your boyfriend was ext remely jealous, controlling and supersensitised which is usually the characteristics of an abuser.I as your best friend had noticed anterior how distant and melancholic you were, but I had no idea that it would bear on to your boyfriend. Your boyfriend was always so loving, caring and protective over you but then again that was probably the first stage of dating abuse. Your boyfriend used physical abuse on you when he hit you and physiological abuse on you when he made you feel guilty about leaving him and threatened to kill you.Johanna, you are currently in the deuce-ace stage of violence wherein your partner is threating you and exceeding your limits and boundaries. You cannot take any more of this, its traumatizing and upsetting. You need to take measures into place such as blocking him on any social media profiles so that he may have no contact with you.You should also inform your family as to the situation so that they are aware and if anything is to happen they know where you are. You should also keep a diary and write all these experiences down so that in case for early references you want to charge him you have proof.You should seek physiological help, so that you have a better understanding of your situation and so you can move on with dignity and value. Most importantly though you should not take the blame for his actions.Johanna, you are not his punching bag and you should know that no one deserves to treat you in a way that he has treated you. You should know that you are worthful and beautiful and if anyone cannot see that and appreciate it then they shouldnt be around you. Always remember that you are not a victim you alive and that makes you a survivor and dont be ashamed of this story others will be inspired.

Dracula & gothic genre Essay

Novels of the Gothic genre, like Dracula, be a good deal effectuate in gargantuan old castles or ruins. In this refreshing on that point is the setting of Draculas castle. This is an old castle in the centerfield of one of the wildest and least known portions of Europe. It is on the acuity of a precipice and seems to be real grand. Harker describes it in his journal, The castle is on the very edge of a grand precipice. A stone radiateing from the window would fall a thousand feet without touching anything This description of the castle makes it seem very quiet, rural and frightening. The sheer height of the castle would sc atomic number 18 people.Stoker chooses his adjectives very carefully in Dracula, here he uses the adjective terrible which sums up the gothic nature of the setting. There is also part of the novel set in a Whitby. Here there is a big ruined abbey and an open coastline. It is a dramatic seaside town. Stoker manifestly chose it carefully to stress the f ull force of the run and uneasy feelings of Mina. The weather in itself creates a scene of a gothic genre. There is a big storm approaching in chapter six and at the demise of the chapter we get the very beginning of the storm.The weather was not easily explained at the time when Dracula was written so this would give the reader disquietude and increase the fear. The Count participates greatly as an element of the gothic genre. His mien is revolting and makes Harker shudder. His eyebrows were very massive, almost meeting over the nose, and with shaggy-haired hair that seemed to curl in its own profusion. The mouth, so far as I could see it under the heavy moustache, was fixed and rather cruel-looking, with in particular sharp white teeth these protruded over the lips, whose remarkable ruddiness showed dumfounding vitality in a man of his years.For the rest his ears were pale and at the tops extremely pointed. Draculas pointed ears remind us of wolves which are often used in gothic novels. His mouth is cruel-looking and his teeth are odd. Dracula also wears a cloak which has monotones of bats which are often linked to the gothic genre. He is also capable of controlling the wolves that he calls the children of the night. Wolves are often seen to be very scary as they come out at night and are generally felonious animals.

And Still We Rise Essay Essay

It is a unique hold up to be rendered completely helpless, to be put completely at the mercy of another human being by force. I cast felt complete complaisance of this kind once in my life I lay on the cold, wet grass, confused, slowly regaining consciousness after being choked kayoed. As I look back on how I clear lived my life over the past couple years, this incident is one of the close influential factors. After being so overpowered by another man, I decided that I could never let this kind of thing chance to me again. I became extremely motivated to lift weights, and to learn wrestling and MMA. This experience changed my expectations for myself and helped me realize that it is in my hands to decide how I am perceived.It was a dispute over nothing. Two guys, driven by a immanent instinct to fight, finding an excuse to challenge each other. These two guys were me, a scrawny, 100lb 8th grader, and Collin a well built 22 year old. We were seated around a bon fire with five other friends, but nevertheless half-dozen fold-out chairs. Collin suggested dab out to decide who got the last chair, and the next thing I remember is the utterly confused feeling as I regained my senses one by one. It was a full minute before I really knew what had happened unable to break a choke hold, I had refused to tap out and collapsed unconscious on the ground. It is hard to describe the mix of repose and humiliation that I felt as I walked a focussing from the incident. plain though I trusted and respected Collin, he had just proven my vulnerability and made me realize my lack of confidence.I did not, however, accept my unprotectedness and move on. I realized that there was no reason for me to deliver settled for my skinny pathetic build, and I hit the weights. I started lifting six days a week a friend of mine and indoors three months, had put on fifteen pounds of muscle. A full year later, I weighed 155 and bench pressed over 200lbs. This incident is overly one of the main reasons I started wrestling, a sport that I have grown to love and excel in. To complete my self-improvement plan, I took a few MMA classes and got some sparring equipment and a heavy bag to usage on. Since then, Ive spent hours in my garage letting my anger out on that bag to staying in wrestling shape. Of course I am no were close to my vision for myself, still only 5 8, and well below my goal of muscular development, but I clear see that it is possible.This whole process has taught me that I am I incorporate of my own destiny. Any goal is attainable if you work for it, and what doesnt garbage down you makes you stronger. This event was not the only factor contributing to my decision to change, I hated being skinny. It was however an incredible catalyst, giving me a peculiar(prenominal) reason around which to focus my efforts. It made me realize that you are born(p) with no restrictions. No matter what your natural conditions are, they can be changed and cr eate to fit your ideals. Furthermore, its up to you to change them and the effort you put in will be directly reflected in your outcome. This experience brought to light that, when I have a goal in mind, I am fabulously motivated and focused. It has shown that I can maintain interest in a goal and continually set the bar higher and higher.This experience has changed the way I perceive and carry myself. It has shaped me into someone who is comfortable with their abilities and instinctive to work to improve themselves. It has shown my ability to let setbacks help me grow and show my strong self motivation. Ultimately, I am very thankful for Collin and what he did for me, in a sense, being completely helpless has been one of the some empowering situations of my life so far.

Africans in America Growth of Slavery in the 1600s and 1700s

CHAPTER 13 Trait Theories (p. 447) 1. b. 2. (a)ii, (b)iii, (c)iv, (d)v, (e)i. 3. e. Psychoanalytic/Psychodynamic Theories (p. 455) 1. The conscious is the tip of the berg lettuce and the highest level of awareness the preconscious is just below the surface but tush readily be brought to awareness the unconscious is the large base of the iceberg and operates below the level of awareness. 2. b. 3. Freud believed an individuals adult personality refl ected his or her resolution of the specifi c crisis presented in each psychosexual stage (oral, anal, phallic, latency, and genital). 4. a) Adler, (b) Horney, (c) Jung, (d) Horney. human-centred Theories (p. 458) 1. a. 2. c. 3. self-actualization. 4. Humanistic theories are criticized for their naive assumptions, poor testability and inadequate evidence, and narrowness in merely describing, not explaining, behavior. Social-Cognitive Theories (p. 460) 1. how each individual thinks about the world and interprets experiences. 2. a. 3. c. 4. remote locus of control, internal locus of control. Biological Theories (p. 462) 1. d. 2. Some researchers emphasize the grandness of the unshared environment, while others fear that genetic eterminism could be misused to turn off certain ethnic groups are inferior, male dominance is natural, or that accessible progress is impossible. 3. b. 4. c. Personality Assessment (p. 469) 1. (a)ii, (b)i, (c)iii. 2. projective 3. b. 4. People accept pseudo-personality tests because they offer generalize statements that apply to almost everyone (Barnum effect), they notice and remember events that confi rm predictions and ignore the misses (fallacy of positive instances), and they cull information that maintains a positive self-image (self-serving bias).

Fanny Robin Essay

With closer reference to chapters 7, 11 and 16 (appendix), explore brazen-faceds presentation of laughingstock Robin In chapter seven of the news Far from the Madding Crowd by Thomas tough, we atomic number 18 introduced to the character dirty dog Robin. She is introduced during the night in the bleak darkness of a churchyard which symbolises ending and maybe foreshadows unfortunate future events for back tooth. We are told that Fanny has a take of approximately sort at her feet from this, we can nonice that Fanny is possibly running away from something.There is evidence that she is poor because she is described as rather thinly clad, and it is unusual for someone to be exhausting in truth few c freshethes at such a inhuman time of year. oak spares Fanny some money, and in the exchange of the shilling, Oak felt her pulse, it is described as beating with a tragical specialty which means that he can notice that she is unhealthy, but the reciprocation tragic stands ou t because it suggests a tragedy, where someone usually dies. This alike makes us mobilise of a stereotypical image of a heroin in puritanic time because she is ill, she seems angelic, like she belongs in heaven.Hardy also shows a direct contrast between Bathsheba and Fanny. Fanny was genuinely grateful and conveyful for Oaks generosity and says thank you whereas Bathsheba, in chapter one, doesnt take much notice of Oaks kindness. Hardy also shows this contrast by use of Pathetic Fallacy when Bathsheba is introduced, it is made imbibe to us that she wants to stand out, the sun lighted up to a red-faced glow the crimson jacket she wore. which shows that she is very passionate and unconventional. However, to describe Fanny, Hardy uses expressions like motionless stranger, which dehumanises her and makes her seem really small and weak.In Chapter eleven, it becomes clear that Fanny had been running away to go and visit her boyfriend, hound who is a soldier. Soldiers often had a reputation for having many girlfriends so, in this chapter, Fanny comes across as being quite naive. There is more speech pattern and description of Fannys weakness because she is described as a form which makes her seem like a tiny blot or shape in the distance. More Pathetic Fallacies are used in chapter eleven, it is night time, The bell was in the open air, and being overlaid with several inches of muffling atomic number 6, which is describing the setting as being muted and extremely quiet.This person was so much like a mere shade upon the earth. The word shade stands out because it is often a word used rather of ghost. These things could signify death in the relationship of Fanny and wiener. When Fanny tries to defecate Franks attention outside his window, she throws snow at it, propel with such imbecility as was sh witness here, this shows fannys breakability and her inability to do even one small thing she has to supply another couple of times before she actually c aptures his attention. It shows her persistence and desperation.When Fanny introduces herself to Frank, he says What girl are you? which suggests that Fanny isnt his only girlfriend, and that he has many. She responds to him, Your wife, Fanny Robin, which tells us that Frank and Fanny have had some sexual relations because she considers herself to be his wife, but this wouldnt be openly spoken or written about in Victorian times. Frank asks Fanny, How did you come here? this shows that he did not expect her to be capable to visit him because the journey is so long.Franks is inside in the warmth, whereas Fanny is left hand outside in the cold which show that hes not particularly interested in her and that he has power over her because they are not in the very(prenominal) room or on the same level. Fanny asks When will it be? to which Frank replies, I dont quite recollect which is playing with her feelings. Fanny then asks when it is they shall be hook up with and Frank is very hesitant and dashes are used in the conference which shows that he is not very keen, and has no intention of marriage. The dashes are also use in Fannys dialogue, but this is to show feeling in her speech.It is hinted that Fanny and Frank have had sexual relations on more than one occasion because Fanny says You said lots of times you would bind me. It is possible that Frank only said that he would marry her in order to get her to have sex with him. This also implies that thither is a very high chance that Fanny could be pregnant, which could be why she is so desperate to get get hitched with and she wants the marriage to buy the farm as soon as possible. She would be thought very badly of if she was to have a baby out of wed-lock because there was a lot of stigma around this sort of thing in Victorian times, and it would be very difficult for er to find another job or another husband.However, in this chapter, Hardy wants the reader to sympathise for Fanny, because it would n ot be easy to be in her situation. In chapter sixteen (appendix), the chapter is split up into four main parts to resemble the quarters of the clock. This creates an atmosphere and it emphasises the growing frustration and embarrassment of Frank when Fanny doesnt show up for their wedding. Frank and Fanny were due to be married in the church, all(prenominal) saints, but instead, Fanny went to All Souls, and as a result, was late for her own wedding. This is symbolic because we usually associate souls with death.When Fanny turns up, she asks if they can be married the next day, but Frank says I dont go through that experience again for some time, I warrant you because he has lost his pride. Fanny is trembling which shows that she is a conventional image of a woman and lowers herself to men. A lot of the description of Fanny symbolises and foreshadows death there are many hints that something will go wrong for her or someone close to her in the future. Hardy has created a presentat ion of a very weak character, who doesnt want to stand out, but she is also very mysterious and I think that she has a lot of secrets hidden.

Introducing an East World to a West World Essay

On June 26, 1982, garner Sydenstricker was born in Hillsboro West Virginia, to two Ameri crowd out Presbyterian missionaries who primarily served in china ( bear down, gather S.). At the age of two, Buck and her family moved back to mainland China where she exhausted the next 6 years of her livelihood adapting the Chinese civilisation patch integrating aspects of her the Statesn heritage as well. Bucks childishness in China stimulated the bicultural traits that she infused into her physical composition by exemplifying two American and Chinese elaboration and values. At 15, Buck was sent to a boarding school in Shanghai and continued her schooling at the Randolph Macon Womans College in Lynchburg Virginia, where she graduated in 1914 and taught psychology. posterior on she finished her schooling at Cornell University receiving a Master of humanistic discipline Degree.Buck also taught English at s constantlyal universities finished with(predicate)out her public life inc luding the University of Nanking, Chung Yang University, and Southeastern University (Works of bead compute Buck). A guiding light diachronic event that impacted Bucks life and her writing was the meat packer Rebellion (Works of astragal Buck). The boxers were a classify of Chinese mass who opposed the spread of Western ideas and technology and convinced the empress to drive out all foreigners in China in secernate to sustain Chinas ancient culture and history.Despite the empress fight for the arising Western influence, the Boxers lashed out by imprisoning the empress and stimulating the attacks on foreigners. This ultimately caused Bucks family to flee from China back to America in collection to escape the rebellions plotted against foreigners (A Life Lived in arouse Times). Buck also witnessed the foot-binding and murder of female babies in China due to the patriarchal nature that was indigenous to the Chinese culture. This influenced her to become an instigate for w omans rights and her experience with the Boxer Rebellion profoundly stirred her perspective for equality and the g everywherenmental barriers that seemed to separate the values of the West and Asia which was reflected in the various themes she c all overed.Throughout her life Buck was an outspoken feminist and equalist. She displayed her advocacy by defying various organizations who strived for equality, promoting birth control, and even adopting nine children. ( ivory S. Buck A Cultural Biography). She married John L. Buck, and they had angiotensin-converting enzyme daughter who was mentally disabled. Her daughters disability motivated her to support childrens advocacy which inspired her to write The Child Who N incessantly Grew in 1950. It also led her to establish the Pearl S. Buck foundation which strives to encourage in the adoption and well-being of Amerasian children. However, her and her husband divorced in 1935 and she soon married Richard J. Walsh, her publisher who she stayed married to until the end of her life (Buck, Pearl S.).Pearl Buck was know for her works such as Dragon informant which focuses on a female empress named Tzu Hsi who was faced with ruling China during a period of war. Some of her works also reflect her life style that was influenced by two entirely different cultures. Bucks memoir My some(prenominal) Worlds tells about her long journey growing up in an milieu of political struggle and internal warf be between her own people when her and her family was outcasted by the Chinese as foreigners. It tells about her career as an prestigious writer, an ambassador, and civil rights activist with her motives defined by the countless experiences of her life. Her most notable title which earned her a Pulitzer think of and a Noble Prize in Literature was The good Earth. The view as tells of a poor husbandman named Wang Lung and his wife who struggle with the changes that war and a corrupted government take in brought upon t he nation such as famine and poverty.This theme of in-person obstacles can most likely push to Bucks audience when the book was published in 1931 the many Americans who struggled with the shifting politics and economy during the gigantic Depression (The heavy Earth, 1931, The American Novel). Bucks work conveys the complexity of Chinese culture and life to America based take out her experience growing up in a bicultural environment (The Good Earth, Barnes and Noble). Bucks work can best be categorized by the movement of realness because of the reality that she tries to depict in order to relate the hardships that both the Chinese and Americans share. Realism mainly focused on portraying average experiences and it transitioned after the movement of Romance. It is thought to be known as the faithful representation of reality (Realism in American Literature, 1860-1890).The realist nature of her books forged a connection through the similarities in lifestyle and adversities that t he Americans shared with the people of China (1860s-1900s Realism, PBS). She aimed to depict the daily lives of the civilians of China through her characters lifestyles that gave an insight of life shrouded by Chinese culture and beliefs. Her ability to exhibit the personal struggles of both the upper, middle, and lower class allowed her to convey the theme of additive struggles and experiences of a country as a whole. Pearl Bucks main purpose for her writing was to link the alien and foreign culture of China to the people of America who were clueless to the cultural values that China imposed (The American Novel). She delivered with a style that precisely aimed to reveal the domain and blunt truth of life, no matter what social class a person belonged to.The works of Pearl Buck soak up leftover a lasting impact on both America and China. She created countless milestones in literature such as being one of the first women ever to receive a Noble Prize in Literature and a Pulitzer Prize, and acting as a mediator and uniting the two cultures of America and China through the various situations that she presents of life in China through her characters and various stories. I think that the reason she has left such a profound mark on literature is because of her ability to establish a connection with the audience. Being bi-cultural, Buck utilizes her first-hand experiences of life in China such as war, famine, and even traumatic murder experiences in order to fully convey the events that were occurring in China with the Great Depression of the United States.What makes her writing and themes so universal is that, it portrays the life experiences of people, with personal struggles and I think her themes have the capability to relate to any time period because e preciseone is able to relate to the hardships of others. Her ability to successfully connect with her audience on a personal level of experience with a completely foreign culture establishes her as one of t he most impactful authors in literature in which modern-day writers calculate to achieve. Bucks Accomplishments have proven unique in military, political and literary history (Taylor). Some even think that We are very much in need of a twenty- first century Pearl Buck (A Life Lived in Interesting Times). This march on demonstrates the lasting influence that Bucks literary work left during her time period, which some believe that no one will ever be able to do again (Taylor).Unfortunately, Pearl Buck died on March 6, 1973 of lung cancer at her home in Danby, Vermont (Pearl S. Buck Biography). Her work continues to live and is enjoyed by people all over the world today. Her deeds as an activist who strived for fairness among people and cultures are survived by the many people who are influenced by her contributions toward equality. She is recognized as a prominent author because of the major impact that she worked towards her whole life so that America would be able to share a cultu re and history with China. Despite her death, Buck has left her mark as a humanitarian and advocate who had the best interests of people in mind and a legendary writer who brought to America, a style of writing that will continue timeless in practically every age of literature.Works CitedAllen, Brooke. A Life Lived in Interesting Times. Hudson Review 3. 2010. eLibrary. Web. 12 Nov. 2012.Buck, Pearl S. Comptons by Britannica, v 6.0. 2009. eLibrary. Web. 12 Nov. 2012. Campbell, Donna M. Realism in American Literature. Realism in American Literature. Department of English, Washington State University, 8 Sept. 2011. Web. 21 Dec. 2012. Frenz, Horst. Pearl Buck- Biography. Noble Prize. The Noble Foundation. Web. 12 Dec. 2012. Matterson, Stephen. 1860s-1900s Realism. PBS. Educational Broadcasting Corporation, Mar. 2007. Web. 12 Dec. 2012. Pearl S. Buck Biography. Bio.com. A&E Networks Television. Web. 12 Dec. 2012. Taylor, Peter Shawn. Pearl Buck to Pearl Harbor How a much-loved novel won over Depression-era readers, erased Chinese stereotypes and helped bring war to the Pacific. National Post. 15 Oct. 2012. eLibrary. Web. 12 Nov. 2012. The Good Earth. Barnes & Noble. Web. 12 Dec. 2012The Good Earth, 1931. PBS. American Masters , The American Novel. Web. 21 Dec. 2012. White, Barbara. take Reviews Pearl S. Buck A Cultural Biography. Contemporary Womens Issues Database. 01 Jun. 1997. eLibrary. Web. 12 Nov. 2012. Works of Pearl Buck Pearl Buck. MacMillan General Reference, 1963. eLibrary. Web. 12 Nov. 2012.

Citizens for Democracy

A country is a form of organisation activity in which the arbitrary power is vested in the people and exercised by them directly or indirectly through a system of representation usually involving free elections that atomic number 18 periodically held. The necessary virtuous and intellectual characteristics the citizens of a nation must(prenominal) hold for the survival and the successfulness of such a form of government include celebrate for laws, mention for rights, extol for self-confidence, equal mental worth, and hazard for all citizens. Some other scholars dupe argued another notion pertaining to the succeeder of a democracy.Those scholars kick in suggested the presence of certain scotch conditions is necessary for a democracy to continue to exist and to flourish. A democracy will go as far as the citizens of that democracy will take it. Therefore, the moral and intellectual characteristics that those citizens possess argon pivotal. Moral characteristics are those in which financial aid the citizens set a standard of what is right and good for the country. These include respect for laws, rights, and authority. The citizens must respect the laws for many reasons, mainly for fear of punishment that usually entails a loss of freedom.The citizens must also oblige a respect for the rights they and others have. This gives each citizen a sense of e whole tone to one and other, they all have the same rights under the law, which allows freedom to be put into action. Besides these characteristics, the citizens of a democracy must have a respect for authority. Those in authority are the ones protecting the laws and the rights of the citizens. If the citizens value their freedom and liberty, then they must respect the protectors of those freedoms and liberties.Intellectual characteristics are necessary because the citizens ability for rational or brilliant thought adds to the prosperity of the democracy. The citizens must be able to, as Tocquevi lle states, aim democracy to put, if possible, new life into its beliefs to purify its mores to control its actions gradually to switch over understanding of statecraft for present inexperience and knowledge of its true relate for blind instincts to adapt government to the needs of time and place and to switch it as men and circumstances require.The citizens of a democracy must expect each other as having equal mental worth. All citizens should understand that the opportunity for education should be present. But, the amount of education should not be what is most important the citizens must understand its what you do with the education that matters most. intellectually everyone is different some are more educated than others, and others less. The citizens must have the insight to understand that everyone is equal under the law and in the rights that are best(p)owed upon them.These characteristics are all very important to the survival of a democracy. Theodore Roosevelt explai ns this best when he stated, A democracy must consist of men who are intellectually, morally, and materially fit to be their own masters. There are, however, other scholars who remember that certain stinting conditions must be also present for the go on survivability of a democracy. The characteristics of the citizens are very important to the success of a democracy, plainly groups of people known as moderniseds, believe that economic situations in a democracy play just as important of a role.The economic situation that they claim is needed is economic equality. As Franklin Roosevelt, a progressive and former President of the United States, stated, Our government, formal and informal, political and economic, owes to everyone an avenue to possess himself of a portion of that plenty sufficient for his needs, through his own work. It is the governments duty to ensure economic equality to all citizens, which is important, because, the prosperity of a democracy depends on the prosp erity of its citizens.Theodore Roosevelt, another progressive and President, furthers this notion by contending, thither is no point in having prosperity unless there can be an equitable division of prosperity. This must therefore be extended to economic science for the democracy to move forward and provide for its citizens, the citizens themselves must have the economic stability.If there were not an equal distribution of prosperity, in the economic sense, the government would have to create programs to level the playing field. Examples of these programs are welfare and affirmative action. While these programs are different, they have the same purpose to help those in need which would, in turn, level the playing field. A democracy is go about with many challenges that it must be able to adjust to, including the economic offset of its citizens and the security of that growth. L. B. Johnson stated, The challenge of the next half of the century is whether we have the comprehensio n to use that wealth to enrich and elevate our national life, and to advance the quality of our American civilization.Therefore, for a democracy to survive, that democracy and the citizens of the democracy must have the ability to move forward and shape their own future to cover prosperity and survival. This is the link between the economic and the political. In conclusion, the citizens of a democracy must possess for it to succeed and survive. Others believe economic conditions affect the prosperity of a democracy. While there are other characteristics that generally opposition a democracy, the ones explained are seen as the most important.

Attitudes Towards Error Correction Essay

IntroductionThe present study focuses on the path in which wrongdoing chastisement is d ace and the signifi sternce of errors in the Roumanian context. In designing it, I did not use my comprise doledge on causes of errors as I was not interested to take chances off whether it keister be established a correlation between students mother tongue, the tail language and the production of errors. I oriented this study towards a narrower termination the attitudes of instructors, students and native speakers of Romanian towards error subject field. In order to do this, I used the following classification of chastisement techniques self castigation, colleague sinkion and instructor correction.My research barfz for fuck offing come forth teachers and hearers attitudes towards error correction was the questionnaire. In constructing my questionnaires my sources were David Nunans books entitled Language Teaching Methodology. A text for Teachers (1991) and Research Metho ds in Language Learning (1995).The questionnaire is a research instrument which involves asking questions of other people and it is classified as introspective, since it involves respondents coverage on themselves, their views, their beliefs and so on.According to Nunan (1995115) introspection is the process of observing and polishing on singles thoughts, olfactionings, motives, fountaining processes, and mental states with a view to get down the sozzledss in which these processes and states determine our behaviour.Very often the questionnaire is exerci pland by read the questions and then ticking responses, or by writing in shortly answers. Thus, it is easier for the researcher to deal with the data collected and this is whizz of the reasons I chose it. The surmisal of suspicionnaire Design and summary irresolutionnaire preparationPurposeThe first thing to be actually unmortgaged about was the answer, that is, I had to eff exactly the reason why I was setting up the questionnaire and what I wanted to stimulate out. I tried to reckon the freewheel of responses in order to receipt whether they would tell me what I needed to agnise. Handling the dataAgain, it was central to imagine the ideal responses. They needed to be in a form that was simplex and convenient to analyse. This meant organising the questionnaire form so that it would be easy for me to record and prove the government issues.Practical detailsI needed to know how m nigh(prenominal) copies of the questionnaire I would need and how I was going to ensure the maximum return completed questionnaires.AnonymityI established whether the questionnaires were going to be anonymous. In grammatical case of anonymity, people might be to a greater extent than h cardinalst and informative in their responses. In case of non-anonymity, I might involve been competent to have follow-up interviews on selected questionnaires. I might besides have been able to send re sagacityers to th ose who had not responded.Questionnaire DesignClarityIt had to clear the informants why they were modify in the questionnaire what was intended to achieve. It had to be clear whether or not the questionnaire was suppositional to be anonymous. The instructions had to be very clear and explicit. The informants had to know whether the answers were to be ticked, crossed, circled or written out and where.SimplicityI needed to know whether the questionnaire was laid out in a straightforward manner and whether the layout helped respondents to induce their way through it.Types of questionsQuestionnaire items clear be relatively closed or open ended. A closed item is genius in which the range of affirmable responses is determined by the researcher. In contrast, an open item is one in which the subject can decide what to claim and how to assure it. Questionnaires can consist entirely of closed questions, entirely of open questions, or a mixture of closed and open questions. The advan tage of closed questions is that they usually make the questionnaire easier and quicker to fill in. they also make for quicker and more safe scoring of the responses.The disadvantages of the closed questions are that they usually take longer to attire than open questions. Instructions on how to answer them have to be very clear. This means that the questionnaire designer has to anticipate all or most of the possible answers, so there whitethorn be little unexpected reading in the responses. One corresponding advantage of open questions is that they are relatively easy to design, but one may have around difficulties in trying to score and analyse the responses. It is also likely that responses to open questions reflect what the respondent wants to regularise.RelevanceProbably the most frequent mistake in designing questionnaires is asking unnecessary or irrelevant questions for example, wanting to know whether the respondent is male or female, when his information has goose eg g to do with the purpose of questionnaire.User friendlinessA lot of what I have been wording can be summarised by reservation the point that, since no one enjoys answering questionnaires, they should be made as user friendly as possible. This means they should not be too long, they should not be intensifier (e.g. by asking questions that may embarrass the respondents) and they should not be misidentify or perplexing.Piloting the QuestionnaireAn issue that affects questionnaires is that they should be piloted to see whether they work as planned. Even if I was going to distribute nevertheless a undersized number of questionnaires, I had to try them out on one or dickens people beforehand. In the pilotage stage, I inqui personnel casualtywhether the instructions were clear and easy to follow whether the questions were clear whether the respondents were able to answer all the questions whether the respondents establish any of the questions irrelevant, patronising or irritat ing how long the questionnaire took the respondents to complete whether the respondents had any comments or suggestions that would help to make my questionnaire more effective. I piloted my questionnaires on 2 students. Drawing on the lessons square offt from the pilot I made the following changes I gave clear written instructionsI eliminated questions five and six as they werent very clear and their answers were included in the variants of question sevener I changed the third variant from question iii. Instead uncomfor hedge I used the term embarrassed as I thought that when producing an error students might show a sensation of embarrassment. This may be the result of teachers and even their classmates presence, more than a sensation of discomfort, which cannot be clearly defined. The questions that were unclear were wedded clear instructions about how to answer them. I tried to make my questionnaire user-friendly by changing the introduction.The questionnaire for assureers w as given in Romanian, as my subjects were beginners. As I was interested in teachers opinions I constructed a separate questionnaire. I piloted it on one teacher. After the piloting stage I made the following changes I made my questionnaire user friendly by changing the introduction and I gave clear instructions about how to answer the questions. In addition I made a questionnaire for native speakers of Romanian as I thought that by administering it I might get effectual and interesting opinions that could help me draw some conclusions concerning error correction in general and not necessary in the context of teaching / learning face.The purpose of questionsQuestionnaire for learners of EnglishQuestion 1 to see how they find out learning English.Question 2 to find out what importance students give to error correctionQuestion 3 to see how they feel when committing an errorQuestion 4 to see whether they learn from their errorsQuestion 5 to see what correction techniques students usu ally preferQuestion 6 to find out which correction techniques students find more usefulQuestion 7 to see whether they are interested in the errors move Question 8 to find out what influence students prefer the teacher to use when providing correctionQuestionnaire for teachers of EnglishQuestion 1 to know what is the respondents obtain in teaching English Question 2 to see how they order teaching EnglishQuestion 3 to find out what colour teachers use when providing correction Question 4 to find out the way in which correction is carried out Question 5 to find out the way in which they correct errors Question 6 to know what correction techniques teachers use in classroom Question 7 to find out which of the correction techniques teachers find to be more useful Question 8 to see whether they are aware of students feelings concerning correction Question 9 to know what they think to be the results of correction Questionnaire for native speakers of RomanianQuestion 1 to find out the re spondents ageQuestion 2 to know how they find learning a external languageQuestion 3 to see what importance they give to correctionQuestion 4 to see their attitudes when committing errorsQuestion 5 to see whether or not they learn out of correctionQuestion69 to find out what correction technique they prefer Question 7 to see what correction techniques have a greater utility info AnalysisI have administered the questionnaires to 10 students (beginners, studying English as a opposed language), 10 teachers of English and 10 native speakers of Romanian. When selecting the teachers I thought of getting answers from diametrical ones, that is from middle schoolhouse teachers, high school teachers and even university teachers. I also chose teachers universe in their first eld of teaching and experienced ones. The native speakers of Romanian were selected on the following criteria they had nothing in common with the context of teaching / learning and they did not learn any foreign lang uage except for the period when they were students, but they do not use it anymore.Quantitative Data AnalysisThe questionnaire for learners of EnglishQ1. lodge students consider English as being easy to be learnt and one student considers it difficult to learn. Q2.All the students say that it is very important being rectify Q3. Seven students feel encouraged when their attention is drawn to errors act, succession troika students feel discouraged about this. Q4. All the students argue that they learn from their errors. Q5.Seven students say that they prefer to be corrected only by the teacher, while three prefer to correct themselves after the teacher has indicated the errors. Q6.All the students consider that they learn more from the correction provided by the teacher. Q7.All the students say that when they get cover their papers with correction provided by the teacher, they look at them in order to avoid the errors committed. Q8.All the students say that they prefer their teac her to use a red pencil when correcting their work.The questionnaire for teachers of EnglishQ1.Five respondents have been teaching English between 0-3 long time, quartet between 4-6 years and one for more than 10 years. Q2.Seven teachers find teaching English to be difficult, while three find it easy. Q3. Eight teachers say that they use red colour when correcting students work and one teacher says that he / she uses a pencil when doing this. Teacher 4 says that he / she uses both red and blue. Q4.Five teachers write in the correct form when correcting errors, four give hint what it should be and ii simply indicate something was wrong. Q5.Four teachers write in the correct form when correcting errors, four give hint what it should be and two simply indicate something was wrong. Q6.Three teachers say that they use only teacher correction in classroom, while two say they use peer correction. Five teachers use more than a correction technique. Here are their answers Teacher 1 uses bo th self-correction and peer correction.Teacher 4 uses peer correction and teacher correction.Teacher 5 uses self-correction and teacher correction.Teachers 6 and 7 use all the techniques.Q7.Six teachers consider that self-correction helps students break their knowledge, one teacher considers that it is peer correction that helps students and one teacher considers that teacher correction helps students more than the other two correction techniques. Teacher 6 considers that all types of correction techniques help students, while Teacher 7 considers that only self-correction and teacher correction is useful. Q8.Four teachers say that the students feel discouraged when given back a paper full of corrected errors, four say that students feel embarrassed, while two say that students feel encouraged. Q9.Eight teachers think that students learn from the department of corrections they provide for a written paper, while two teachers think that students take for grantedt learn from this.The questionnaire for native speakers of RomanianQ1.The respondents are between 22 and 57 years old. Q2.Six of them find easy to learn a foreign language, while four find it difficult. Q3.Nine respondents consider correction as being very important, while one respondent ranks it as important. Q4. Nine respondents say that they feel embarrassed when their attention is drawn to errors committed while one respondent feels encouraged about that. Q5.All the respondents say that they learn from the errors they usually commit. Q6.Five respondents let loose their preference for self-correction, while five prefer to be corrected by other people. Q7.Five respondents argue that they learn more from self-correction and five say they learn more from the correction provided to them by other people.Qualitative Data AnalysisThe learners of English and the native speakers of Romanian consider learning a foreign language, English in this case, to be easy. Conversely, the teachers consider teaching Engli sh to be a difficult task. All the respondents consider being very important to be corrected when committing an error. That is why they argue that they usually learn from the errors committed in order to avoid them. Both learners and teachers of English showed their preference for teacher correction in the classroom. However, few students prefer self-correction, but only after the errors have been indicated to them by the teacher. I consider that to be a different way of teacher correction, a more blurred one. What I mean is that teachers should give learners a free hand in correcting errors, but also in getting them used to the identification of errors.I think this is one of the reasons why students, although some of them prefer self-correction to be used, argue that they learn more from the corrections provided by the teachers. They are not accustomed yet to freely express their opinions and I would argue that this might be owing to the customs duty of learning in Romania. Howeve r, teachers argue that students learn more from self-correction. Taking into government note the ideas provided by Julian Edge (199310) regarding self-correction People usually prefer to tack their errors right than be corrected by someone else. Also, self-correction is easier to remember, because someone has put something right in his or her own head, one may say that teachers are absolutely right when maintaining this point of view. But how can students learn more from self-correction if the majority of teachers argue that they usually prefer teacher correction as a technique?However, there are some teachers who use self-correction in classroom, while some use peer correction. Of course, when exploitation peer correction one must keep in mind the disadvantages of this technique. Regarding the way in which teachers correct learners written work it was surprising to find out that some, not too many anyway, do not correct any of the errors committed, but simply indicate, probably by means of symbols or underlining, that something was wrong. They use red for correcting errors and this is in agreement with learners expectations about this national. The utilization of a different colour, when correcting errors, that is red, may be explained as a way of making students be more aware of the errors they commit.As a conclusion of the matter of correction techniques, I consider that all of them (i.e. self-correction, peer correction and teacher correction) should be used in classrooms, either when correcting written work or speaking. That is why some of the teachers who were administered the questionnaire chose more than one answer to the question dealing with this issue, being aware of certain advantages, and even disadvantages which, of course when noticed, should be avoided while using one or another correction technique. The following table summarises the respondents attitudes towards the correction techniques and their usefulness.

Effect of Temperature on Catalase

Lab Report The effect of temperature on the reaction amongst Catalase and H2O2 Sarah AlShemesi In this audition well be exploring the effects of temperature on the reaction between Catalase and H2O2. Well be using cardinal dollar bill different temperatures to hear this. The five different temperatures go forth be 10, 30, 50, 70 and 90 oC. We result use the coloured as a source of Catalase. A 1 gram cull of colorful will be inserted into a running play tube with 2 cm3 of irrigate, then 2 cm3 of H2O2 will be chalk uped.The Catalase and H2O2 ar expected to react and result in bubbles and a rise up in the resolve. If the bubbles form and the resolving power rises quickly then this suggests that the enzymes are working equ anyy and the nearing the optimum temperature. Investigation question What is the effect of the different temperatures 10 oC, 30 oC, 50 oC, 70 oC and 90 oC on the reaction between Catalase undercoat in liver and H2O2 and what will be the Catalases opt imum temperature? Variables * item-by-item variable Temperature in oC Dependant variable the big top of the solvent, whole abused with a ruler in cm. * Controlled variables mass of liver, volume of water, volume of H2O2, method of burbling H2O2 into the liver/water base. * The mass of the liver was controlled by measuring the liver numbers subsequently theyve been cut to ensure that each is 1 gram only. * chroma of water was controlled by measuring 2 cm3 using the selfsame(prenominal) 10 cm3 measuring cylinder. * Volume of H2O2 was controlled by measuring 2 cm3 of it using the same 10 cm3 measuring cylinder. The method of pouring the H2O2 into the liver/water solution was kept consistent by having the same person pour it in every time at the same approximate speed. Materials * liver-colored * H2O2 60 cm3 * 1 Ruler ( cm ) * Water 60 cm3 * 12 study tubes * 2 Tongue * 2 Measuring cylinder 10 cm3 * 2 Droppers * 1 Beaker 100 cm3 * A bowl of nut cubes * 1 jab * 1 etna Burne r * 1 Glass rod * 1 digital balance * 3 Thermometers ( oC ) Method 1. Cut the liver into twenty five pieces using the knife, use the digital balance to ensure that each piece of liver weighs 1 gram only. 2. ready each liver piece in an individual test tube. 3.Use the 10 cm3 measuring cylinder to measure 2 cm3 ( this amount of H2O was chosen so that when the H2O2 is added the solution loafer bubble and rise without spilling out of the test tube ) of H2O and add that amount of water to the test tube containing the piece of liver. 4. Place ice cubes at the bottom of the 100 cm3 beaker till the base of it is completely c everywhereed. 5. Place the previously mentioned test tube ( containing the water/liver solution) into the beaker holding it up at the center as you or your partner continue to c every(prenominal) for the beaker with ice cubes till the test tube is completely submerged in ice and only the top is non. . Continuously measure the temperature of the solution. 7. When the solution reaches the temperature of 10 oC, remove the test tube from the beaker filled with ice and perform shade 8 immediately. 8. Add 2 cm3 of H2O2, wait for the solution to react and for the bubbles to rise and then use your cm ruler to measure the bill of the solution after it has risen and note the tallness down. 9. For the other trials you essential passion your solution rather than cool it down. To do so, prepare your liver/water solution with the same dimensions as before. 0. Light up the Bunsen Burner to a soft flame. 11. Use the tongues to hold one test tube over the flame, you must move the test tube unendingly to avoid anxious or over light uping and you must also measure the temperature of the solution continuously till it reaches the desired temperature for that trial either 30 oC, 50 oC, 70 oC or 90 oC. 12. When the solution reaches the desired temperature quickly repeat step 8. 13. Repeat the procedure five times for each temperature to produce five trials. i nformation collected on the effect of Temperature on the reaction between Catalase and H2O2 This naming shows the temperature, the final height of the solution in the test tube after it rose and the change in height given that the initial height for all is 1. 4 cm. Height of solution ( cm 0. 1 ) Temperatures ( oC 0. 5 ) trial run 1 Trial 2 Trial 3 Trial 4 Trial 5 Mean of change final examination height swap in height Final height Change In height Final height Change in height Final Height Change in Height Final Height Change in height 10 2. 1 0. 7 2. 3 0. 2. 2 0. 8 2. 4 1. 0 2. 3 0. 9 0. 9 30 2. 6 1. 2 2. 7 1. 3 3. 0 1. 6 2. 8 1. 4 2. 6 1. 2 1. 3 50 3. 1 1. 7 3. 2 1. 8 3. 3 1. 9 3. 1 1. 7 3. 4 2. 0 1. 8 70 2. 5 1. 1 2. 4 1. 0 2. 6 1. 2 2. 7 1. 3 2. 4 1. 0 1. 1 90 1. 4 0. 0 1. 4 0. 0 1. 4 0. 0 1. 4 0. 0 1. 4 0. 0 0. 0 Uncertainties were calculated by finding the lowest unit of the measuring equipment and then dividing it by two. For pillow slip the lowest unit of measurin g on the thermometer is 1, to calculate the uncertainty 1 / 2 = 0. 5 So the uncertainty is 0. However in the subject field of height, were using both ends to measure so we dont divide by two. So since the smallest measuring unit is 0. 1 cm the uncertainty is 0. 1 Table 2 Standard Deviation of each trial Temperature ( oC ) StandardDeviation ( cm) of Data 10 0. 10. 1 30 0. 149 50 0. 116 70 0. 116 90 0. 000 The banal aberration was calculated using a TI-83 GDC. The steps were the following 1. STAT wreathe Edit 1 2. Enter the variables ( In this case, the change in height in the different trials of the same temperature ) under L1. . STAT CALC 1-Var Stats to view the values. 4. Standard deviation is displayed as Sx. The standard deviation will be used on the graphical record to indicate how much results may deviate from the collected data. I could further process my data using the T-test or the Chi shape test to see whether there is a clear correleational link between tempe rature and height of the solution of water/liver after it reacts with H2O2. However, I will study this correlational link through the following graph Temperature of Liver/Water solution ( oC 0. 5)Change in Height of the Liver/Water solution after H2O2 was added. ( 0. 1 cm) The trend line is polynomial ( Order 3 ) so it shows the predicted heights of the liver/water solution after H2O2 is added against the temperatures. final stage Our data shows that the enzymatic use of Catalase varied depending on temperature. At 10 oC the exercise decreased because the Catalase molecules moved slower thusly resulting in slight collision with the H2O2 molecules. In the temperature 30 o C we find that the activity increases slightly because the molecules are colliding more often.However we notice that at the temperature 50 oC the activity is the richlyest and has significantly rose higher up the others. This suggests that at the temperature of 50 oC Catalase is most sufficient it is the op timum temperature. The trend lines curve also supports that since the curve is highest at 50 oC. At 70 oC the activity decreases and the solution rises or so as high as it did at the temperature of 30 oC, this is due to the enzymes denaturing because of the high temperature. At 90 oC we observed no reaction whatsoever because all the enzymes had denatured.Our graph was very similar to the one found in the Pearson baccalaureate SL Biology book that displayed the effect of temperature on Catalase activity. They both exhibited a blotto rise followed by a steep decrease, as the temperatures got higher. My data and graph also clearly suggest that the optimum temperature for Catalase is around 50 oC man an experiment conducted by Arefan Khan concluded that 40 oC is the optimum temperature for Catalase (Effect of Temperature on Catalase Enzyme, pg1).The different results may be because I had large intervals of temperature I did not test for the effect of 40 oC on Catalase, which is why my results are close set(predicate) to 50 oC. Evaluation Error 1 -Step cutting the liver helplessness the liver wasnt frozen and so the cutting was not very accurate. This resulted in us cutting small pieces of liver to complete 1 gm, thus resulting in different surface areas for different trials and temperatures. This may alter the experiment by exposing more Catalase to the H2O2 in some trials than others.Improvement Make sure the liver is frozen and can be easily cut so that all trials receive liver with roughly the same surface area. Error 2 -Step exploitation the Bunsen Burner to heat the solution to the desired temperature. Weakness the temperature of the solution continued to rise even after heating was stopped. Improvement Using an electric water bath and setting it to the different desired temperatures to heat the liver and water solution to ensured that temperature is constant. Error 3 -Step Using the Bunsen Burner to heat the solution to the desired temperature.Weakn ess The thermometers temperature might have affected the temperature of the solution when it was inserted into it to measure its temperature. For example the thermometer is at room temperature and is inserted into solution beingness heated to 70 oC, the solution might haven risen above that, however when the thermometer is inserted, it cools down the solution and gives a temperature of 70 oC. Improvement property the thermometer inside the solution as it is heating or cooling, however it must be ensured that it does not touch the bottom of the test tube as that may give false temperatures.

Spinal Immobilisation

Spinal Immobilisation A Literature Review A refreshen of the literature regarding spinal anesthesia anesthesia anaesthesia anaesthesia immobilization has been undertaken using databases for PubMed, MEDLINE, CINAHL, OVID and Cochrane EBM. Reviews were electronically looked using the defer inquiryings spinal injuries, spinal immobilization and focus of spinal injuries. The results generated by the search were limited to English language articles and look clog upwarded for relevance to the topic. The aim of this literature review is to comp ar and contrast the views on spinal immobilizing and to achieve a better knowledge of evidence based practice. harmonise to Chiles and Cooper (1996) spinal brand should always be suspected in patient of roles with severe systemic suffering, patients with peanut trauma who report spinal inconvenience or ingest receptive or motor symptoms, and patients with an impaired level of consciousness after(prenominal) trauma. gibe to Caro line (2008) the primary(a) goal of spinal immobilisation is to prevent nurture injuries. Good initial and acute management is crucial no discipline the degree of damage (Sheerin and Gillick, 2004). The purpose of immobilisation in suspected spinal trauma is to maintain a deaf(p) position and avoid fault and secondary neurological injury (Vickery, 2001).Means of immobilisation include holding the head in the midline, log rolling the person, the intake of back wits and special mattresses, cervical sail throughs, sandbags and straps (Kwan, Bunn & Roberts 2009). The in advance(p) Life Support Group supports the use of the long spinal bill of f ar ( basketball back plank) for spinal immobilisation, despite knowledge of mechanical press problems and poor immobilisation in some patient groups. The spinal board was originally developed as an extrication device using its smooth surface to allow a person to be slid out of a vehicle.However, it is difficult to remove the patient fro m the board in the field and therefore the patient is most ordinarily transported to the A & E department on the spinal board (Cooke, 1998). at that place is considerable variation in the opera hat technique for pre-hospital cervical keystone immobilisation (Vickery, 2001). Some throw advised the use 1 to 1. 5 inches of padding under the head as standard, others have advised that judging on the use of padding be based on visual inspection (Butman, McSwain & McConnell, 1986). Conversely, several rauma texts recommend placing the patient directly against the spinal board (McSwain, 1989). In the United Kingdom, the vacuum mattress is predominately utilise by mountain fork everyplace teams as it is believed to provide better overall protection of an injured calamity and is perceived to be safer and easier to transport over the terrain encountered in these situations (Herzenberg, Hensinger and Dederick, 1989). In a recent flying field by Luscombe and Williams (2002), it was s h consume that the vacuum mattress prevents signifi set uptly more driveway in the longitudinal and lateral planes when subjected to a gradual tilt.Perceived comfort levels atomic number 18 significantly better with the vacuum mattress that with the backboard. Chan, Goldburg & Mason (1996) reviewed the use of the long spinal board and its association with squelch injury, unsatisfactory immobilisation and positioning, and the pain that it can lay down (Chan, Goldburg & Tascone, 1994). A study by Lovell and Evans (1994) indicated that while a fatal happening resides on a backboard it may possibly lead to pressure sores in those who have sustained injury to the spinal cord. The amount of fourth dimension casualties stop on backboards can exacerbate the problems of pain and pressure.Ambulance journeys and waits in accident and emergency may be lengthy and there may be long distances involved in getting to hospital (Lerner & Moscati, 2000). In growth to pressure injury and poor i mmobilisation, the backboard may be the cause of pain even in otherwise healthy patients, leading to unnecessary investigations, radiographs and potential ambiguity regarding the cause of pain (Chan, Goldburgh & Mason, 1996). The evidence indicates that the backboard itself is non ideal and far from a gold standard.This has led to the suggestion that the backboard should non be the preferred surface for the transfer of patients with spinal injuries (Main & Lovell, 1996). According to Vickery (2001) however, the spinal board is considered to be the gold standard for spinal immobilisation during the pre-hospital phase of trauma management. For some patients, effective spinal immobilisation is honorable and can also be vital in preventing the devastating effect of cord damage however it has been suggested that for galore(postnominal) the excessive use of this preclusive measure may not be prudent or necessary.It has been estimated that over 50% of trauma patients with no compla int of have it away or back pain were transported with full spinal immobilisation (McHugh & Taylor 1998). Inappropriate spinal immobilisation may lead to patients experiencing unnecessary pain, skin ulceration, aspiration and respiratory compromise, which in turn may lead to further unnecessary procedures, a eternal hospital stay which thence incurs increasing costs to the National wellness Service (Kwan, Bunn & Roberts, 2001).Shooman & Rushambuza (2009) report that immobilisation is a crucial part of the management of a trauma patient. They believe that if the mechanism of injury is uncertain, the patient should remain immobilised until further imaging even if there argon no symptoms of spinal instability after log rolling. However, in a recent study by Pandie, Shepherd & Lamont (2010) they concluded that on its own, standard immobilisation techniques count to be inadequate to maintain the cervical spine in the neutral position.One argument for keeping the patient on a spinal boa rd is that it facilitates an urgent turn should vomiting occur (Vickery 2001). Spinal immobilisation is used throughout the world however the clinical benefits of pre-hospital spinal immobilisation have been put under scrutiny. It has been argued that spinal cord damage is done at the time of impact and that subsequent movement is generally not comfortable to cause further damage (Hauswald, Ong, Tandberg & Omar 1998).In contrast, in-line stabilisation of the deal, also termed neutral junction, is usually enhanced by using immobilisation blocks and straps that fix the patients head and neck to a spinal board. In-line head and neck immobilisation is heavy during the transfer period to hospital and remains an important part of the care of the patient (Sheerin, 2005). Butler and Bates (2001), disagree with this and suggest that cervical collars are of no additional benefit to patients already immobilised using a long spine board with straps.In a recent report it was frame that num erous patients brought to A & E automatically had a cervical collar applied as a precaution. This usually means that the dupe has been involved in an accident that could possible cause a cervical injury, although the patient shows no signs or symptoms of such an injury (Sexton, 1999). Immobilisation in suspected spinal trauma must be initiated at the moving-picture show of an accident and continued until unstable spinal injuries are ruled out.Adequacy of spinal immobilisation must be reviewed during the primary survey in the A & E department (Vickery, 2001). Once the patient has reached A & E, the spinal board should be distant as concisely as possible one time the patient is laterally transferred from the ambulance streetcar onto an A & E or resuscitation trolley (Vickery, 2001). The early removal of spinal boards and cervical collars is advocated by spinal units (Sexton, 1999). Complications associated with drawn-out use of the spinal board include pressure ulcer development , pain and discomfort (Vickery, 2001).Vickery (2001) also suggests a partial solution would be recommended that the backboard should be removed as soon as possible after arrival in the A & E department, ideally after the primary survey and resuscitation phases. Hickey (2003) agrees with this, it is vital that following initial assessment, the patient is removed from the spinal board. Porter and Allison (2003) support this by suggesting that the patient should be then transferred and nursed on an emergency trolley with head immobilisation and straps applied.This in turn should minimise the risk of pressure ulcer formation which is public in patients with spinal cord injury (Sheerin and Gillick, 2004). Vickery (2001) also suggests that where a spinal injury is suspected, prompt and safe removal of the spinal board is mandatory, these are patients that are at the greatest risk of developing pressure sores. Vickery (2001) continues to utter that spinal board immobilisation on the boar d may be inadequate ending with tragic consequences.Observational studies in the US have shown that immobilisation by rigid collars may cause airway difficulties, increased intracranial pressure (Davies, Deakin & Wilson, 1996), increased risk of aspiration (Butman, 1996), and skin ulceration (Hewitt, 1994). Caroline (2008) also suggests that complete spinal immobilisation is painful, especially over pressure points and can also be a cause of airway compactness which in turn creates an increased risk of aspiration. It has been reported that many trauma patients do not suffer from spinal instability and will not benefit from spinal immobilisation (Orledge, 1998).The value of routine pre-hospital spinal immobilisations are questionable due to any benefits of immobilisation being outweighed by the risks (Kwan, Bunn & Roberts, 2009). Kwan, Bunn & Roberts (2009) have already indicated that inappropriate immobilisation is contributing to the increasing budget of the NHS. Dimond (2001) agr ees and claims that judicial proceeding claims are increasing against the NHS. Society is becoming less tolerant of mistakes or inadequate service and litigation claims are now becoming an judge part of daily life (Vukmir, 2004).In contrast, a study in the the States has indicated that due to the fear of litigation, over five million patients receive spinal immobilisation every year (Orledge & Pepe 1998). In this current media inclined era, media assist for high profile claims against the NHS organisations is at a high. Although most of the evidence in literature is regarding claims against hospital specialities, there have been few claims written just about claims against the ambulance service (Hulbert, Riddle & Longstaff 1996).However, there may be few record claims against the ambulance service there have been a significant number of claims settled by ambulance trusts (Vukmir, 2004). In conclusion, there are many different points of views by many authors on the subject of s pinal immobilisation. Many argue that the motive to immobilise suspected head, neck and spinal trauma is a precedence due to the potential life threatening fortuity. This way of thinking has been support by many of the authors.Others however have stated that each incident needs to be individualised as the necessity of using spinal immobilisation is increasingly being inappropriately used. Methods of spinal immobilisation are also highly debatable, calling the clinical professional to use their own training and judgements when deciding how to transfer each individual patient. It was highlighted by many authors that it was necessary for patients to be removed from the spinal board as soon as possible when being cared for inside the hospital setting as this reduces the possibilities of further trauma and pressure sores.It became quite clear when conducting this research that many health professionals are now very aware of the potential to live a target for the all too common blame gloss that is so prevalent in todays society. The fear of litigation may be the cause for the higher usage of spinal immobilisation although there is limited research at this time but within the next few years we may in fact mark off a rise in claims against the Ambulance Service.There is evidence that inappropriate and prolonged use of spinal immobilisation can be very detrimental to the patients welfare, there is a vast amount of research to suggest the need to use spinal immobilisation in most head, neck and spinal trauma. Effective and appropriate use of spinal immobilisation is best practice in all situations and should be used wisely and competently by a trained professional.

A Personal Strength Essay

Being competent to recognize our own strengths and weaknesses tolerate help us become better individuals in anything we choose to do, whether it is our tyrannical abilities and skills that can help achieve our goals or negative personal areas that requisite improvement. Knowing yourself and what you can do, can help you recognize and overcome your weaknesses. My great strength is my ability to be a well-organized individual. I tend to print down what I have to do on paper and prioritize what is most important to least important. Doing so helps me organize and accomplish my range and find deadlines that are important. In this process, I am also able to foresee potential mistakes and clarify them upfront. This approach has not only helped me meet deadlines but has also provided me with the confidence that all loose ends are fasten off. One personal strength I have is, I am a very positive amicable person. I try to centre on the bright side of things in all situations, I wan t bragging(a) people compliments and encouraging them to do well.I heat meeting cutting people every day, and getting involved with untested people. Whether it be work or school related. I enjoy speaking, listening, and giving input to my peers and family members. I want them to be aware that they can rate on me to participate as a team member in anything we do together. Good people skills are very important in a group setting because of the interaction you must have with sensation another to communicate effectively. I hunch forward socializing and qualification new friends. Also I am a great leader, I love stepping up and setting an example. Being social and positive has contributed to my leading ability, making it a great combination for someone in a leadership role. Having leadership qualities is a great thing to have and can sincerely change Society for the better. It can make people want to win the example you set, just as long as that example is a positive good one

Lindsay lohan

Mary-Kate and Ashley Olsen had planned to spend their 18th birthday on June 13 side by side. But when the frequently-hyped day arrived, Ashley was left to celebrate with stunned her meet sister, low poolside at the Beverly Hills Hotel and then with a Jaunt to Mexico with two pals. whizz week later the reason for Mary-Skates absence became clear The star, recently the instruction of speculation regarding her Increasingly frail-looking body, had been admitted to an undisclosed facility for treatment related to an take disorder. This is a challenge that Mary-Kate has made a decision to face, says her rep Michael Poignant. This is a challenge she will meet. The admission struck a sad and impress none for Mary-Kate, who a foresighted with Ashley has turned their image as positive, clean-scrubbed role models into a argumentation empire that grossed more than $1 billion in gross revenue last year. Yet to friends, family and even casual onlookers, the subject of Mary-Skates health has been a source of concern In recent months. Although the petite twins (Mary-Kate is 52 Ashley Is 51 take on always been slender, Mary-Kate appeared to be painfully thin of late.So widespread was the talk some her weight that the actress herself poked fun at It when the twins hosted the May 15 Saturday dark Live playing paparazzi photographers, they shouted, Mary-Kate, youre so skinny?eat a organize Sadly, beneath the playfulness was a health crisis. There was an treatment, says someone who has cognize the Olsen for several years, adding that the twins sire, Dave, and Mary-Skates therapist committed her to a treatment facility briefly afterwards her June 7 highschool school graduation. They finally reached the point where they had to act. They didnt trust to find her dead on the floor from not eating. Those close to the star say that there was no single Incident that introductioned the decision to set about professional treatment rather, Mary-Skates problems had ste adily worsened with time. One source says that the exchange In Mary-Kate, who dates Boston University student David Guttenberg, 21 (his dad Is Trademarks studio expounder Jeffrey Guttenberg), first became evident two years ago. She looked different, says the source. She developed circles under her eyes. Staging the intervention before Mary-Kate turned 18 meant that her parents still had a legal counterbalance o seek treatment for her.It isnt the first time her family has tried to upkeep Mary-Kate, whom close pals call MS. According to one source, after the actress got into a small car accident about a year and a half(a) ago her father tried motivating her to eat by coition her she couldnt get her black Range Rover back until she gained some weight. some other source says the family hired someone to monitor Mary-Skates eating. Sometimes she was taken out of school to eat, says a former classmate at Campbell Hall high school. During the last year she had an adult eating with h er most of the time.Everyone knew how skinny she was. disorder, says conductor Dennis Gordon, who helped the twins spring comedy New York Minute. l had a lot of meals with her, and it didnt come out there was anything wrong. Adds Dir. Drew Pinky, the TV psychologist turned actor who played the twins father in New York Minute She was the sweetest of the two. But I didnt notice anything. She hid it well. much(prenominal) deception is typical behavior among eating-disorder sufferers, some(prenominal) of whom go to elaborate lengths to cover their problems. Everyone was very angry with Mary-Kate at first, says a source.Shes lied so much and for so long. Its part of the illness. In fact, both Mary-Kate and Ashley flatly denied such problems in an interview with PEOPLE in April. Being in the public eye, youre labelled that you scram an eating disorder, Ashley said at the time. You capture a medicate addiction, said Mary- Kate. We dont have problems declared Ashley. The frater nal twins?MS has long been known as the free-spirited one Ashley as the sophisticated one?have also put on a united front dealing with other recent challenges, including the dismal $13. 7 million box purpose for New York Minute. We ere really disappointed, says Gordon. They were incredibly mature about it. They said, Okay, I adventure we cant open a movie Just yet. Next Showbiz vets since making their intro on Full House at Just 9 months old, the girls have long been praised for their business savvy and solid grounding. But others have wondered if the tautness placed on their slender shoulders would eventually take a toll, as it has on other juvenile Hollywood stars (see sidebar). The pressures of the entertainment and fashion business are pressures that Mary-Kate and Ashley both have always thrived on, says a friend.That said, theres no uncertainty that the pressure of cosmos successful, running a business and planning for college?thats a lot. Still, adds the friend, l d ont think you can draw a straight railroad line between the pressure in nobodys life to this sort of illness. Says Carolyn Costing, the director of the consume Disorder Center of California and the Monte Indo Treatment Center in Malibu We look at it like theres a gun, a bullet and the trigger The gun is biological predisposition, the culture is the bullet and something like the stress of being a celebrity is what pulls the trigger.Not helping matters is the ever-present skinny sweepstakes among young women, many of whom worship stars like Mary-Kate as a source of administration, Shortly after Mary-Skates appearance at a May premiere, Web surfers on a bulletin board at guru. Com posted messages like, Im convinced shes Ana a slang landmark for anorexic Another online follower took notice of Mary-Skates red string bracelet, which some teens and young adults wear as a signal of their Ana pride and to remind themselves not to eat. (Her reps response l dont believe thats true of Mary -Kate. )